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3846 items in total found

Working Papers | 1979

Wages Determination for Self-employed Persons: Some Methodological Explorations

Malya M Meenakshi and Gosalia Anant

The methodological problems of determining a fair economic return ("wages") for services rendered by a group of self employed workers have been discussed. Four alternatives have been considered and their relative merits explored.

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Working Papers | 1979

State Income Inequalities and Interstate Variations in the Growth of Real Capital Stock in India

Dholakia Bakul H and Ravindra H. Dholakia

This paper makes an attempt to analyse the behaviour of regional income inequalities and capital inequalities in India. It also seeks to examine the relationship between the trend in regional income inequality and regional allocation of investment among different states. Part I of the paper presents the estimates of the extent of income and capital inequalities among different states for the years 1960-61 and 1970-71. Part II analyses the interstate variations in capital-output ratio. The final part of the paper examines some alternative approaches to balanced regional development.

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Working Papers | 1979

Perfect Least Squares Estimation

Misra P N and Handa Puneet

This paper suggests a method of estimation that is the least-squares estimator in the general situation when observations are interdependent or independent. The method is designated as perfect least-squares (PLS) because there is no other method, known so far, that provides lower magnitude of the optimality criterion. The method holds good for data collected according to any sampling method or census method. It is shown in this paper empirically as well as theoretically that PLS estimator scores over OLS and GLS estimators. The method is also extended to simultaneous equation systems. It can be applied straightaway to dynamic models.

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Working Papers | 1979

Lagged Variable Models and Their Estimation

Gupta G S and Chawla Deepak

The paper discusses the reasons for hypothesizing various kinds of lagged variable models, their characteristics and the appropriate methods for estimating them. In particular, the distributed lag model, the partial adjustment model and the expectation model are explained and the Liviatan and/or Almon's methods are recommended for their estimation. These various models and methods are illustrated by hypothesizing and estimating a consumption function for India using annual time series data for 1950-51 through 1975-76. The short-run and long-run marginal propensities to consume are estimated to be 0.29 and 0.90, respectively.

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Working Papers | 1979

Macroeconomic Analysis of Housing Demand and Housing Investment in India

Dholakia Bakul H

An attempt is made in this paper to examine various aspects of housing demand and housing investment in India. The main objectives of the study area: (i) to estimate the income and price elasticity of demand for housing in India; (ii) to examine the interstate Differences in the elasticities of housing demand; (iii) to examine the trends in housing stock in the Indian Economy; (iv) to estimate the relative importance of various factors influencing housing investment in India; and (v) to examine the extent of interstate variations in housing investment and its determinants.

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Working Papers | 1979

Corporate Investment in 1979: A Forecast

C Rangarajan

An attempt is made in this paper to forecast the behaviour of private corporate investment in 1979. Corporate investment is taken to include gross capital expenditures of all companies including joint sector companies. Government companies alone are excluded. This study also provides a picture of investment behaviour in 1978. The methodology applied in this paper to forecast corporate investment relies on the data available with the term lending institutions on the phasing of capital expenditures of projects sanctioned by them. These may be regarded as a kind of anticipatory data for forecasting. This study shows that investment in the Private Corporate sector in 1978 rose by six per cent over the level attained in 1977. However, the present indications are that corporate investment in 1979 may not exceed the level achieved in 1978. Capital expenditures in 1978 on all the projects sanctioned by these institutions in the current and previous years will amount to Rs 1014 crores as compared with Rs 955 crores in the previous year. This implies a growth of six per cent. As of now, based on the projects sanctioned until the end of 1978, the capital expenditures in 1979 will be Rs 745 crores. Even if the expenditures likely to be incurred on projects to be sanctioned in 1979 are added, the total capital expenditures in the corporate sector in 1979 are not likely to rise above the level reached in 1978.

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Working Papers | 1979

Strategies of Implementation of Rural Development Programmes in India

Gupta Omprakash K

It is clear that in order to achieve peoples' development as a major objective of rural development programmes, it almost always would require structural shifts supported by a dialogical process of total mobilization of the rural people, suitable to the ecological and technological reality. Based on this hypothesis, the project is aimed at analysing the efficiency of implementation strategies of rural development programmes in India and thereby to formulate policy options.

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Working Papers | 1979

Performance Evaluation of Sales Tax Administration: A Case Study of Gujarat, India

Misra P N and Jayaraman T K

This paper provides a methodology of evaluating performance of tax administration on the basis of available data on effort and achievement variables over a number of years. A case study of sales tax administration in Gujarat State of Indian Union is made to identify the achievement and effort variables. Improvement in total tax potential and realisation of tax revenue and reduction in the level of unrealised revenue are found to be achievement variables. Expenditure on enforcement and training efforts are identified as effort variables. A simultaneous causation model in terms of effort and achievement variables is found to work excellently well to explain past performance. Relatively enforcement expenditure is found to provide more profitable contribution to State revenue in comparison to expenditure on training but several other considerations lead to suggest to work out optimal solutions for both the effort variables in relation to chosen objective of tax administration.

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Working Papers | 1979

Unwanted Consequences of Large Sample Size in Econometric Estimation

Misra P N

In this paper we start with the problem of analysing unwanted consequences of large sample size in econometric estimation and find that the problem can be framed as special case to general problem of estimating a model subject to linear restrictions on the parameters. It is proved that use of large sample size leads to biased, inefficient and inconsistent estimators in the presence of slightest structural change over the observation span. Explanatory power of the model is also shown to fall down. The analysis is extended to provide a general test-statistic that embraces in its ambit almost all the tests known for testing various hypotheses in context to estimation and prediction from linear models. The same test helps in testing hypotheses relating to alternative specifications of variables involved in the model. The results are utilised to suggest a method of segmentation of a population or observation space in relation to a hypothesised econometric model. The idea so developed is helpful in defining samples and populations when data are required to be collected to estimate a relation. The same idea can be used to group a given number of units into structurally homogenous groups.

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Working Papers | 1979

A Critical Appraisal of Past Strategies for Rural Development in India

Gaikwad V R

Rural Development (RD) has been in and out of fashion many times. Once again it is in. This time it is expected to be integrated. The paper examines the past experiments in RD in India, thinking from 1952 onwards, the three models available to India during the First Plan, the Community Development (CD) design, and administrative and economic strategies followed so far, and raises some basic issues relation to RD. All the past experiments were similar in approach, had many common features and also many naive assumptions. All these past experiments are, at best poor examples of rural reconstruction, considering their narrow and shallow base of thinking, and poor and transient impact on the economy of the intended beneficiaries. The CDP introduced in 1952 also followed the same approach. The persistence of rural poverty questions the very relevance of the CDP and earlier approach to present environment. And yet, the present design and approach of rural development, even of the integrated type is in no way different from that of the CDP.

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