Faculty & Research

Research Productive

Show result

Search Query :
Area :
Search Query :
3852 items in total found

Working Papers | 2016

Marketing Channels for E-commerce in Emerging Markets

Ankur Kapoor and Dheeraj Sharma

This work intends to sensitize the readers about the importance and relevance of making right channel strategy for e-commerce businesses, especially in emerging markets. We have tried to provide the guidelines by motivating established theoretical strategic models, which have been time tested for their applicability, and relating them to how prudent decisions about channel members can be made for ensuring better business results. Evaluating the strategy through lenses of transaction costs, power dynamics and conflict or relationship marketing perspective provides an holistic thinking process to approach the common dilemmas, like to contract or internally organize or drafting the mutual expectations etc., and make thoughtful and informed decisions, rather than going with market norms of what is the trend about such practices. However, it is important to integrate such channel decisions with overall strategy of the e-commerce business, so that it flows from key strategic direction and is aligned with strategies of product, pricing, communication etc. If the alignment between the strategies is missing, even a good individual functional strategy may not work in optimum manner.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Meta-Analysis for Online Retail Performance

Ankur Kapoor and Dheeraj Sharma

With continuous rise of business value and importance of online retail business (e-commerce), academic research has not been far behind to understand this recent market phenomenon. This has led to numerous studies exploring several antecedents, consequences, and models; but without any consolidated framework to unambiguously guide researchers and practitioners. This meta-analysis, by combining and synthesizing research of past two decades, attempts to identify key constructs (which have been, so far, defined in multiple ways in different researches) that explain the details of online retail performance in more coherent manner. The authors attempt to synthesize a diverse set of 26 studies by analysing 203 correlations between different antecedents and consequences related to online retail performance. We hope that this should resolve some existing ambiguities of conflicting research findings, help identify relatively more important factors influencing online retail and provide a concise framework to researchers and practitioners to further build upon in coming times. Lastly, implications of findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Open Innovation at different levels for Higher Climate Risk Resilience

Anamika Dey, Anil K. Gupta, and Gurdeep Singh

As climate variability is increasing, creating knowledge networks is becoming more and more important for bringing in, or leveraging the embedded resilience in the communities through cross-pollination of ideas, resources and insitutional linkages. Communities have developed knowledge systems around climate mediated environmental changes since time immemorial. Some social groups have capacity to cope with stress better. They have homeostatic advantage due to either accumulated surplus (Burton, 2001) or access to institutions, technology and social networks (Adger, 2003) . However, these knowledge systems often remain limited as isolated islands or small local networks resulting into asymmetries of knowledge at inter or intra-community level. Intermediary organizations become important to bridge the gap that exist among communities within the informal sector and also between the formal and informal sector. There organizations and platforms like The Honey Bee Network have been able to facilitate both horizontal exchanges, people to people learning and sharing; and vertical exchanges, connecting the informal actors with the formal system. The framework in this paper helps in studying the difference in different components of Open Innovation System through their degree of openness of sharing, self-governance and self-regulation. We explore the different activities and institutions of The HB Network to study the degree of openness and how they contribute to make the system which has now existed for 26 years, more sustainable. We draw lessons for other institutions, organizations, communities who strive towards an autopoietic system i.e. self-designed, self-organized and self-governed system with a feedback system from within and outside, making the whole innovation and knowledge ecosystem sustainable towards the changing and fluctuating environment.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Impact of Ownership Structure on Agency Cost of Debt in India

Sakina Tohid Kachwala and Chitra Singla

Using data from Indian listed companies from 2000 to 2014, the relationship between the ownership structure of the firm and the agency cost of debt in the context of an emerging economy is being explored in this paper. We mainly look at family ownership. Family owners and debt holders share similar risk profile and long term orientation towards firms and therefore, expected to have goal alignment between them. However, we hypothesize that debt-holders, in the Indian context, are more concerned with the risk of wealth expropriation by the concentrated family owners rather than the benefits entailed by such an ownership structure. Accordingly, the paper attempts to answer the question: which agency problem namely the management-principal or the principal-principal is given more significance by the debt holders in the Indian context

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Auditors' Consideration of Material Income-increasing versus Material Income-decreasing Items: Are Conservatism and Risk affected by Company Level Information?

Naman Desai

Auditors tend to focus more on income-increasing items compared to income-decreasing items because they are trained to be more conservative and also because the risk of litigation is significantly higher for failing to detect material income-increasing items compared to material income-decreasing items. Auditors' consideration of transaction level items is also affected by their evaluation of company level information. In this study we examine how the interaction between company level information and sign of the material items affect auditors' evaluation of income-increasing and income-decreasing items. The results indicate that in the absence of company level information, auditors intuitively associate a higher risk and audit effort to income-increasing items. When the company level information indicates that management is under pressure to inflate earnings, auditor conservatism and risk associated with income-increasing items gets amplified leading to an increase in the difference in assessed risk and audit effort between income-increasing and decreasing items. However, when the company level information indicates that management is not under pressure to inflate earnings, there are no significant differences in assessed risk and audit effort between income-increasing and income-decreasing items. These results indicate that auditor conservatism is affected by company level information

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Trends in Strategies and Performance of the Indian Corporate Sector
What has changed in two decades of economic reforms?

Rakesh Basant and Pulak Mishra

In the context of various policy initiatives made during the last two decades to reform the Indian economy in general and corporate sector in particular, this paper documents strategies followed by firms in this period and the resultant changes in business conditions. We find that although the rate of growth of the industry sector has not accelerated following economic reforms probably due to slow growth in agriculture and industrial productivity, investment in general and FDI in particular have shown considerable increase. Increase in competitive pressures seems to have resulted in firms adopting a variety of strategies. While reliance on mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has increased to restructure business and grow, the role of embodied technology purchase has declined in relative terms with firms depending somewhat more on in-house R&D, disembodied technology purchase and FDI linked technology inflows. There are some signs of a growing domestic technology market as well. Although strategies of building marketing and distribution related complementary assets continue to be important for implementing the strategy of product differentiation, their role seems to have declined in a relative sense as these expenses as a proportion of sales show a declining trend. The emerging competitive pressures have significantly raised the importance of sub-contracting/outsourcing in manufacturing possibly as an alternative to the strategy of vertical integration, a measure of in-house value addition. While cost-efficiencies do not show improvements, export orientation has increased significantly across industries and import penetration has seen a marginal decline. Overall, the observed trends of corporate response to economic reforms are interesting, but one needs to systematically explore how M&As led consolidation and flows of FDI are linked to the adoption of various non-price strategies relating to technology and product differentiation. As economic reforms deepen and competitive pressures build up, an analysis of these interactions would provide useful insights for understanding corporate behaviour and for making policy choices.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Does Working for a Not-For-Profit Organization Affect the Psychology of Corruption? Evidence from India

Naman Desai

The primary purpose of this study is to examine if volunteering for Not-for-Profit Organizations (NPO) which are involved in providing social welfare services and which actively promote socio-behavioral factors like social responsibility, leadership and self-confidence among its volunteers, reduce an individual's likelihood of engaging in corrupt practices. We identify two psychological traits: ability to rationalize one's unethical actions and an external Locus of Control (as compared to an internal Locus of Control) that affect unethical behavior. Then with the help of an NPO, we investigate if engaging in social welfare activities organized by such NPOs, would create awareness about the adverse consequences of corruption faced by large segments of the society which, in turn would make it difficult to rationalize unethical and corrupt acts. NPOs also actively strive to develop self-confidence and leadership skills among its volunteers. Prior literature indicates that individuals possessing such qualities are more likely to possess an internal Locus of Control and also that individuals possessing an internal Locus of Control are less likely to act in a corrupt manner. The results of our study using a between subjects design indicate that greater experience with such NPOs leads to a significant reduction in ability to rationalize and leads to a higher likelihood of having an internal Locus of Control. Based on these results it can be inferred that volunteering with certain types of NPOs mitigates two major behavioral factors leading to corrupt behavior.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Is Marketing a Science: Debate Revisited

Dheeraj Sharma

In pursuance of determining the scientific status of marketing, this article first determines what constitutes science. Thereafter, the article conducts a formal analysis of various schools of thought of science. Specifically, the article offers a comparison between historical relativism, scientific realism, logical empiricism, and logical positivism. Furthermore, in view of analysis, this article examines if marketing qualifies to be a science. Finally, the article attempts to offer a resolution to the ongoing debate on scientific status of marketing by proposing resource advantage theory as a general theory of marketing.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Impact of Continuous Auditing on Earnings Quality and Audit Fees

Naman Desai, Joshy Jacob, and Arindam Tripathy

The use of continuous auditing (CA) has been promoted as a means to improve the governance mechanisms of companies. Prior experimental research also indicates that external auditors tend to rely more and spend relatively lower audit effort on the CA based IA functions compared to traditional periodic audit (PA) based IA functions. If CA could improve corporate governance mechanisms it should result in superior quality of reported earnings. Additionally, if the auditors rely more and spend relatively less effort on CA based IA functions then it should result in lower audit fees for companies employing CA based IA functions. Therefore, we examine the impact of employing CA on the quality of reported earnings as evidenced by the magnitude of discretionary accruals and on the fees charged by the external auditors. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in the level of discretionary accruals between companies employing CA versus PA. However, we find that, the companies employing CA do pay significantly lower audit fees than companies employing PA. This result provides external validity for the results of prior experimental research.

Read More

Working Papers | 2016

Are auditors unable to detect classification shifting or merely not willing to report it? Evidence from India

Naman Desai and Neerav Nagar

Prior research suggests that Big-4 auditors fail to curb classification shifting in the countries with weak legal institutions. However, it is not known whether the auditors are unable to detect the use of this earnings management tool or if they are able to detect such misclassifications but are not motivated to report them. We conduct two experiments to examine this issue. Our results indicate that, auditors are sensitive to various types of classification shifting while assessing fraud risk and audit effort. However, their willingness to report such discretionary earnings management is affected by the overall legal liability regimes and institutional controls of the region in which their clients operate. More specifically, our results indicate that the presence of weak legal institutions in a country reduces the litigation risk faced by auditors which make them less likely to report misclassifications. On the other hand, auditors are significantly more likely to report misclassifications by qualifying their audit report if, a company is cross listed in a country with strong institutional controls and legal regime.

Read More
IIMA