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2773 items in total found

Working Papers | 1987

Institutional Credit for Green Revolution and Dry-Farming Areas in India

Desai B M, Gupta V K, and Gurdev Singh

This paper examines the relationship between the degree of agricultural progress and institutional credit. More specifically it examines the relationship between the proportion of area covered under HYVs of foodgrains and (a) the density of Rural Financial Institutions (RFIs), (b) various types of agricultural credit, and (c) default rate of 'direct' agricultural credit from the cooperatives. Moreover, it also examines the relationship between this default rate and various types of cooperative credit for agriculture. These relationships are examined by utilizing cross sectional data of 10 states in India for 3 years. The paper found that the degree of agricultural progress is positively associated with the density of RFIs and overall amount of credit per hectare. Secondly similar relationship was found for the share of credit for (a) agricultural input subsystem, (b) stability and growth of current production in agricultural production subsystem, and (c) 'kind' credit in short-term crop loans. The paper also found that the default rate of 'direct' cooperative credit for agricultural production subsystem was inversely related to the share of (a) agricultural input subsystem credit in 'indirect' credit, (b) stability and growth of current production credit in 'direct' credit for agricultural production subsystem and that of (c) 'kind' credit in short-term crop loans for agricultural production subsystem from the cooperatives. The paper makes recommendations about how to increase the share of these three types of credit in dry farming areas. These recommendations are made because these types of credit have direct bearing on improving factor productivities, loan recoveries, growth rate in agricultural production and value added, and viability of RFIs.

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Working Papers | 1987

Industrial Relations in Gujarat: An Exploratory Study

Verma Pramod

It has generally been recognized that the state of industrial relations in Gujarat has undergone a subtle change. Data on industrial disputes appear to support this view. It is also argued that increasing tension in labour-management relations could be traced to accelerating pace of industrial development, followed by the growth of the tertiary sector. To substantiate this hypothesis, a survey of establishments in manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors was undertaken. Out of 100 units approached, 41 units responded to a structured questionnaire. This survey, which covered a wide cross-section of economic activity, indicates that the employers have just begun to luse systematic methods of selection and promotion of employees, that the differentials between the lowest and the highest pay is still substantial, and that these units have not experienced any considerable extent of conflict between the employers and the employees. Employers, however, feel that the employees are less than satisfied in relation to some of the personnel practices and disciplinary methods use din the organizations. Moreover, the employers do not have a negative view about the employees, but they do feel that the unions are politically inclined and their leadership is politically motivated. At the same time, there is also a feeling that the state intervention is not conducive to the development of harmonious industrial relations.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Differential Game in Advertising

Lahiri Somdeb

A general dynamic oligopolistic price-advertising model is formulated and open-loop nash solutions are derived. A detailed discussion of long run equilibrium solutions is given. Conditions for global stability are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1987

Social Movements: An Organization Theory Perspective

Chakrabarti Indranil

The paper first reviews the available literature on social movements (SM). Following emerge: (1) Classical literautre on SMs have missed out or tended to ignore the organizational aspects of SMs (Section I) (2) The more contemporary literature on SMs do have organizational focus; however, their theorization is based on an inadequate understanding of SMs and its relationships with the relevant organization. Further, they do not justify why and how the collectives in question qualify to be deemed as organizations (Section II) Section III attempts to rectify the above lacunas, and in the process provide a theoretical framework for SMs with due (and very important) place for organization theory. It puts forth the concept of social movement Kernel (SMK), the core of any SM, that guides and leads a SM. Section IV seeks to establish that the SMK is indeed an organization, by comparing SMKs with various definitions of organizations, borrowed from the standard works in organization theory. This opens a wide gamut of possible theorization on SMK, and hence also on SM, because of the close relationship between the two. A preliminary attempt towards this is made in Section V, where ten propositions are put forth, mainly relating SMKs to SMs. The last Section (VI) seeks to briefly highlight the likely usefulness of the study.

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Working Papers | 1987

Industrial Conflict: Trends and Determinants

Verma Pramod

The objective of this study is to assess the growth of industrial conflict during the phases of economic development from 1921 to 1984 and to identify the economic and institutional factors which could have influenced conflict over this period. Three indicators of conflict, viz., industrial disputes, workers involved, and mandays lost, have been considered. Both trends and cycles have been identified. These differ for three sub-periods, 1921-38; 1939-60; and, 1961 to 1978. There are also differences for the three indicators. Nevertheless data indicate similar increase in conflict, with cyclical changes. The determinants of conflict also differed from one sub-period to another. In the first period, rising prices, and political events and trade union history were the leading factors. The second period was marked by the increasing influence of wages and consumer price index. For the third period, wages, inter-union rivalry, and political events explained the growth in conflict. The need for further research in economic and social history is indicated by the study.

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Working Papers | 1987

Causality Between Money and Price Level in India Revisited

Sharma Ram Lal

In this study we have used Granger's test of causality as interpreted by Sims and found out that causality is semi directional from money to price level. This conclusion is independent of the type of definition of money used and is valid whether we choose time period characterized by fixed exchange rate regime or flexible exchange rte regime.

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Working Papers | 1987

Banking in Backward Regions: Banks-NGO-POOR Interface - Alternatives for Action

Anil K. Gupta

The problem of improving access of poor to formal banking system in risky ecological regions has acquired added importance in recent times. The ecological imbalances, reduced opportunities for productive investments, fluctuations in outputs, lack of technological break through, seasonal as well as permanent migration, poor infrastructure, multi-enterprise based household survival strategies etc. pose tremendous challenge to designers of accessible organizations. We have taken into account the spatial, seasonal, sectoral dimensions of social stratification while conceptualising the problems of access of poor to natural resources, assurance from the institution and abilities or the skills of the poor to convert access into investments. The socio-ecological paradigm so developed has been used to abstract lessons from six cases of Bank-NGO-Poor interface. While we do not believe that the challenge of developing poor in backward regions can be left primarily on the shoulders of NGOs, we do recognise the need for learning from innovative approaches. The experience of six cases studied by colleagues at IIM and GIAP has been synthesized in this paper. Several policy options identified earlier have been validated while need for some more has also become apparent. It is hoped that NABARD will be able to use insights emerging from this ongoing group research effort to make banking in backward region more accessible to poor.

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Working Papers | 1987

Economic Order Quantity When Ordering Costs are Lot Size Dependent

Gupta Omprakash K

Classical EOQ model assumes that the ordering cost A is constant and independent of lot size. This paper deals with the case when A depends on the lot size and increases at a decreasing rate. Firstly A is assumed to increase in steps as a function of lot size . In both cases models are analyzed and procedures are given for determining the optimal lot size.

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Working Papers | 1987

An Improved Procedure for Economic Order Quantity with all Unit Price Discounts

Gupta Omprakash K

Suppliers often offer price discounts for large purchases. These discounts are generally of two types: all unit discounts and incremental discounts. This paper presents an improved procedure for determining the economic order quantity under all unit discounting scheme. Upper bounds on the total relevant costs are obtained which are used to discard certain high-price ranges form consideration.

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Working Papers | 1987

Quantity Discount Pricing Model: An Exact Formulation and Analysis

Srinivasan G and V. Venkata Rao

In this paper we formulate and analyze the quantity discount pricing problem without the approximation that was earlier used by Monahan (3) and Lee and Rosenblatt (2). Our exact analysis throws light on some important conceptual implications of the above approximation. The exact formulation also enables us to discuss the discounting problem separately from the view-points of seller, buyer and the total system. Specifically, we show that the optimal policy from the buyer's view-point should be the same as that from the system view-point; and that the optimal policies of the buyer and the seller need not be the same. In addition, we present procedures for computing the optimal policies for the above three cases.

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