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3894 items in total found

Working Papers | 1984

Socio-Ecology of Frazing Land Management: Inventory of Issuses

Gupta Ramesh

Often the technological solutions to problems arising out of low productivity of grazing lands in arid and semi-arid regions are searched in a very narrow framework. Different classes of users ranging from landless livestockmen to landed livestockmen are considered equally vulnerable in the event of fodder crisis. Result is that either the equal stakes are assumed of each class in conservation strategies, or policies like privatization or closure of common grazing land are, suggested (which affect the landless most adversely in the short as well as long term), without simultaneously organizing water and fodder distribution network or alternative employment opportunities for these classes. Frequent droughts in these regions have impaired the ability of small farmers and agricultural laboureres (SFAL) to adjust with the lean seasons through livestock management. Often the poor are considered the culprit and responsible for environmental degradation. The public policies for wasteland development have tended to worsen the dynamics of access differnetial that exists as regards pasture lands. Technologists have not viewed the multiple roles of grazers as livestockmen-cum-cultivator-cum-craftsmen and labourers. This paper makes a forceful plea for adopting socio-ecological approach to the problems of grazing land management in semi-arid and arid regions; if prospects of large scale social tensions feared on this ground and not in too distant a future are to be avoided.

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Working Papers | 1984

Integrated Energy System: Some Case Studies on Food-Energy Nexus in India

Moulik T K

The paper critically analyzes the total energy supply demand balance in India. On the background of this overview, the paper then examines several alternative energy scenario with particular emphasis on food energy relationship. It was shown that biomass energy has tremendous potentialistic in India and perhaps it is the inevitable in the alternative energy-food scenario in India. The conceptual and analytical framework thus developed in the paper on the inevitability of biomass energy in food-energy nexus, and substantiated by four micro level case studies under field condition in India.

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Working Papers | 1984

Declining Work Motivation in India: How to Get the Reluctant Horse to Drink?

Kanungo R N and Misra Sasi B

This paper attempts to diagnose the possible cause of motivational deficit among employees in Indian organizations and suggests what management should do in order to motive employees for greater productivity and organizational effectiveness. Some of the organizational determinants of low work motivation among employees are: Poor manpower planning inappropriate recruitment methods, lack of induction and training and lack of job maintenance and performance improvement programmes. Other determinants of low work motivation are: Several specific aspects of Indian socialization influence, management's attitude towards labour, and inappropriate analysis and administration of reward system in organizations. Specific suggestions in each of these areas have been made for positive management action in order to increase employee motivation.

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Working Papers | 1984

Growth in Fertilizer Consumption: Price and Non-Price Ploicies

Desai G M

This paper discusses fertilizer pricing policy in the context of the need to generate sustained rapid growth in India's fertilizer consumption. Section I provides a brief overview of past growth and future needs for consumption. Section II, which traces the evolution of fertilizer pricing policy, shows how and why this policy has been inseparable from, perhaps even deeply embedded in, fertilizer supply and distribution policies. It is necessary to understand this relationship in order to appreciate how the fertilizer subsidies of recent years have led to complexities in pricing policy. Section III highlights major non-price policies. These appear to be even more crucial than price policy in continuously raising India's fertilizer consumption rapidly.

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Working Papers | 1984

Stress Research: An Indian Perspective

Pestonjee D M

There is considerable amount of research on the problem of stress specially the stresses faced and experienced by executives. Psychologists, physiologist and management experts have all directed their attention to this critical area. It is, however, interesting to find that Indian scriptures have some very valid, scientific analysis of the stress phenomenon and coping. The paper presents a review of over 25 Indian studies related to the phenomenon of stress.

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Working Papers | 1984

Implementing an Inflation Accounting System: A Case Study

M. R. Dixit

This paper describes and analyses the experience of a large multiproduct and multiunit company in implementing a system of inflation accounting. Based on this analysis, suggestion for a company planning to implement a system of inflation accounting are developed. It is argued that in this non-statutory exercise the Corporate Office has to play a dominant and leading role. It is advisable to have an implementation plan detailing the timing of initiating the exercise, allocation of key tasks between Corporate Office and the Units, and a scheme for monitoring the progress of implementation.

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Working Papers | 1984

Developing an Environmental Scanning and Reporting Sytem-A Study of Process and Influencing Factors

M. R. Dixit

This paper attempts to answer the following questions through an indepth analysis of the process of development of an environmental scanning and reporting system in a large multi product multi unit company: a) How can a company acquire capability to scan the environment and develop a system for scanning and reporting the developments for corporate planning. b) What are the underlying process and factors influencing this development? It is divided into three parts. In the first part we describe how this company developed a system for scanning and reporting the developments in the environment and linked it with corporate planning. In the second part, we analyse the process by identifying the key tasks in developing an environmental scanning and reporting system and the factors that influenced the motivation, speed of development and scope of scanning and reporting. In the third part, we discuss the implications of one of the inferences for studies on the relevance and future of environmental scanning for corporate planning.

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Working Papers | 1984

Cognitive Algebra of Exam Performance: Tests of Hypothesis of Cultural Difference, task Difficulty, and Imputations

Singh Ramadhar

In a series of six experiments, prediction of exam performance from information about motivation and ability as well as about motivation alone or ability alone of students was studied. The factorial plot of the Motivation x Ability effect always yielded the parallelism pattern with subjects from both student and nonstudent populations. Manipulation of difficulty of exam did not alter this parallelism pattern. Results agreed with the hypothesis of cultural difference between the adding and constant-weight averaging rules disclosed a developmental trend: High school and undergraduate college students followed the averaging rule; post-graduate students followed the adding rule. Establishment of these rules allowed analyses of imputations about missing information. The conventional distinguishing tests which rely on just one of the two heterogeneous types of information were found to be more useful in analyses of imputation rules than in diagnosis of cognitive algebra. Manipulation of information reliability disclosed presence of two initial opinions, one about motivation and another about ability, contrary to the finding of one initial opinion in American students.

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Working Papers | 1984

The Art and Science of Identification of Agricultural Research Projects of the ICAR: Some Observations

Gupta Tirath

The paper deals with the procedures and practice of identifying operational research projects (ORPs) sponsored by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and the ORP areas. It is based on case studies of three ORPs implemented in 1974 in different States of the Indian Union by the agricultural universities/research institutions. On the basis of available quantitative and qualitative data upto the year 1980-81, it has been concluded that at least in two out of three cases the ORP areas were not identified with the deserved and desired care so as to meet the stated objectives. More importantly, it appeared that these were not ORPs but agricultural research projects in the usual sense of the term. This implied that the main objective of identifying the socio-economic constraints in transferring a tested technology to the field conditions could just not be achieved. One of the issues raised is whether the scientists and the administration of agricultural universities look at the ORPs as comparatively convenient avenues for finding research funds. To be able to find solutions to the problems the role of multidisciplinary teams from the stage of writing a project proposal, and the role of the ICAR and administration of the agricultural universities have been discussed.

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Working Papers | 1984

Analysis of Rice Production and Productivity in Eastern India

Desai D K

The problem of low productivity of rice in Eastern India is currently being discussed among the policy makers, academicians and technologists. This paper attempts to analyse the date of rice production, are and productivity of Eastern India and individual states for a period of 1971-72 to 1981-82. The low productivity is the result of the slow adoption of high yielding varieties which points to the fact that the varieties evolved are not suitable for the area or proper rice technology is not evolved. The analysis of district data indicates that there are few districts with positive growth rates and a large number of districts with negative growth rates of productivity. A comparative study of these two groups of districts will reveal factors which govern low productivity in the region. Because of the analysis of the district data, it was possible to identify the districts in the two groups. It is suggested that a research project be undertaken in the selected districts of the two groups to identify factors governing the low productivity and to suggest measures to policy makers, development agencies and research agencies to improve productivity and enhance production.

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