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3819 items in total found

Working Papers | 1992

Some Issues in the Design and Delivery of Government Aged Social Development Programme: The Case of DWCRA in Gujarat

Chhabra H S and Bhatt Anil

Despite exhortations to allocate at least 30 per cent of the benefits under the Integrated Rural Development Programme for women, the actual performance has been considerable below this norm. An exclusive programme for the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development in 1983. This paper examines the design and delivery issues of this programme based on its working in the state of Gujarat between 1983-1991. The paper shows that the record of implementation in Gujarat has not been particularly successful. The difficulties of finding suitable women officers to implement this programme at various levels, the lack of orientation among field workers and the high turnover among senior level staff drawn on deputation from other departments have been identified as the major reasons for ineffective implementation. This programme demands innovative approaches in extension and imagination in identifying appropriate economic and social activities for selected groups of women. Rural development functionaries accustomed to implementing large scale programmes of wage and self-employment have been found wanting in adapting to this approach. Altogether, there have been serious lags in the provision of revolving fund for groups so constituted and identification of appropriate economic and social activities for groups provided with revolving funds. There have also been major shortfalls in the construction of multi purpose centres under this programme. This paper highlights some of these key issues of programme design and implementation on the eve of the eighth five year plan.

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Working Papers | 1992

On-the-job and Off-the-job areas of Job Satisfaction in Relation to Job Involvement and Participation

Singh Mira

The study examines the effect of job involvement and participation on 'on-the-job' factors and 'off-the-job' factors of job satisfaction in different groups. Data were collected from a sample of 145 officers and 135 clerical personnel of a large banking organisation in west zone. The results tend to support previous research findings regarding the moderating effects of job involvement and participation on 'on-the-job' factors and 'off-the-job' factors of job satisfaction in different groups. In fact, significant interactions, between job involvement and participation, and job level and participation are obtained. The relationship between 'on-the-job` and 'off-the-job' factors are also discussed.

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Working Papers | 1992

Equal Income and a Continuum of Tastes in an Economy with Public Goods

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we show that for a continuum economy with public goods, every fair allocation corresponds to an Equal Income Lindahl Equilibrium under mild assumptions.

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Working Papers | 1992

Attitudes Towards Women as Managers: Do Extent of Exposure and Satisfaction with Exposure Make a Difference?

Deepti Bhatnagar and Swamy Ranjini

For changing the discriminatory attitudes of male managers towards women as managers, two approaches are possible. The first one, suggesting organizational responsibility, assumes a positive relationship between the extent of exposure to women managers and attitudes towards women as managers. The second approach, emphasizing the responsibility of women managers for change, assumes a positive relationship between the extent of satisfaction perceived in task-related exposures to women and attitudes towards them. Both these assumptions are examined in this study. In the first phase, data were collected from 101 male bank managers who had interacted with women managers. The second phase was carried out to examine, additionally, if exposure to women clerks was associated with attitudes towards women as managers. Results showed that (a) the extent of exposure to women managers and clerks did not significantly correlate with attitudes and (b) satisfaction with exposure to women officers and (to a much lesser extent) clerks, correlated positively with attitudes. Interviews with ten male managers led the authors to believe that satisfaction tends to occur when women are perceived to satisfy the task-related expectations of women. These expectations pertain to what should be accomplished in the exposures and how it should be accomplished. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1992

Venture Capital and Entrepreneurial Development: The Indian Experience

Pandey I M

Venture capital has developed in the Western countries on account of the need to provide non-conventional, risky finance for new ventures based on innovative entrepreneurship. There are not many empirical studies of the impact of venture capital. However, a few studies do exist in context of the developed countries. Because of the paucity of information, there is hardly any comprehensive study of the results of venture capital in developing countries. There is thus a need for systematic review of the venture capital experiences in selected developed and developing countries in order to understand the developmental role of venture capital and the process underlying the success of venture capital. This study is a detailed case analysis of the venture capital experience in India. It is intended to draw lessons and implications for the development of venture capital in developing countries. The study examines: · The strategic role venture capital in the development of technology, innovative entrepreneurship and small enterprises in India; · The development process of venture capital by a systematic analysis of venture capital practices and policies in India; and · The policy initiatives necessary for the success of venture capital in developing countries based on the Indian experience. The study is based on primary information gathered through extensive interviews with a large number of managers of various venture capital companies and published material. The study is divided into five sections. Section 1 provides background of venture capital and a review of its development in some developed and developing countries. Section 2 explains the context of venture capital in India and its role in the technology and entrepreneurial development. Section 3 examines the practices and policies of the venture capital firms in India. Section 4 review the policy initiatives necessary for the growth of the venture capital industry in a developing country like India. Section 5 summarises the findings of the study.

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Working Papers | 1992

Growth of Total Factor Productivity in Indian Agriculture

Dholakia Bakul H and Ravindra H. Dholakia

In the present study the sources of Growth of Indian agriculture have been estimated for three sub-periods during 1950-51 to 1988-89. It also estimates the contribution of adverse weather conditions and intensity of resource use to total factor productivity growth. It is found that TFPG has contributed significantly to the acceleration of agricultural growth facilitating release of scarce resources from agriculture to other sectors in the economy. Thus, TFPG in agriculture has been the prime driving force behind the acceleration of overall growth in the Indian economy achieved during the eighties. The main determinant of TFPG has been found to be the use of modern inputs like fertilizers, HYV seeds and irrigation. It is also argued that the government policies to encourage the use of modern inputs have played a critical role in achieving the acceleration of the agricultural and hence overall growth in the economy. The agricultural input subsidies, particularly fertilizer subsidy, have been the major policy instruments inducing modernisation of Indian agriculture.

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Working Papers | 1992

Opportunity Fairness and Equal Income Lindahl Equilibrium

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we propose a concept of opportunity fairness for economies in which there are public goods and establish its equivalence with the concept of an equal income Lindahl equilibrium.

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Working Papers | 1992

Setting up an Irrigation Cooperative: A Feasibility Study

Kolavalli Shashi, Chhokar J S, Naik Gopal, Saha Jahar, Bhat Ramesh, and Shah Nitin

The objective of the study was to examine the feasibility of setting up an irrigation cooperative in Hadgood village in Kheda district of Gujarat. A sample of 80 households, chosen at rando, was studied and households having no irrigation sources and having irrigation sources were compared on the following aspects: i) landholding and intensity of land use: ii) cropping pattern: iii) costs and returns from different crops with existing water resources: and iv) farm income per household. An attempt was also made to assess the viability of the irrigation cooperative society by considering factors like: i) potential for increasing irrigation: ii) extent of dependence of the households on agricultural income: iii) additional sources of income like dairy and employment: iv) adoption of farm technology, and v) making investments for establishing an irrigation cooperatives. The study has shown that the potential for improving the productivity of agriculture through either: a) irrigating more land or b) increasing cropping intensity or c) changing the cropping pattern or d) adoption of modern farm practices, is rather low. It is therefore, concluded that, keeping the overall situation of the village in view, the setting up of an irrigation cooperative society in Hadgood Village is not feasible.

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Working Papers | 1992

The Minimum Weight Rooted Arborescence Problem: Weights on ARCS Case

V. Venkata Rao and Sridharan R

In a rooted acyclic graph, G, there exits, in general, several rooted (not necessarily spanning) arborscences. Depending on whether the graph has weights on nodes, on arcs, or on both, it is possible to define, with different objective functions, several different problems, each concerned with finding an optimal rooted arborscence in the graph under consideration. Of the different types of rooted acyclic graphs, we are in particular interested in two: 1. rooted acyclic graph Gn with weights on nodes, and 2.rooted acyclic graph Ga with weights on arcs. In the first category, an optimal rooted arborsence can be defined as one whose sum of node weights is less than or equal to that of any other rooted arborscence in Gn, the problem of finding such an arborscence is called the minimum rooted arborscence (MRA(Gn)) problem in an acyclic rooted graph with weights on nodes. Similarly, in the second category, an optimal rooted arborscence can be defined as one whose sum of arc weights is less than or equal to that of any other rooted arborscence in Ga; the corresponding problem is called the minimum rooted arborscence (MRA(Ga)) problem in a rooted acyclic graph with weights on arcs. The MRA(Gn) has already been studied. The objective of this paper is to explore the relation between (MRA(Ga) and MRA(Gn) problems, and to propose approximate and exact methods for solving MRA(Ga) problem. However, the paper presents no computational results, as the programming of the proposed algorithms is still in progress. After discussing the relation between the MRA(Gn) and MRA(Ga) problems, we formulate the MRA(Ga) problem as a zero-one programming problem, and discuss a heuristic to construct a rooted arborscence RA in any given Ga. This heuristic can be used to generate an upper bound on the value of the objective function for MRA(Ga). We also discuss the formulation of a Lagrangian Dual of MRA(Ga) problem and present a linear relaxation of MRA(Ga). Finally, we present a branch and bound scheme for the MRA(Ga) problem.

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Working Papers | 1992

Privitisation Programme in Britain and East European Countries: Some Lessons for India

Rastogi A B

In 1979, when the Conservative party was elected in the UK, it was no more than a gut feeling, impatience and inability to improve the working of the nationalised industries, it was felt that the invisible hand of the market may hold the key to success of these industries. Nevertheless, on surface it was projected by the Party and the government that the present value of aggregate net benefits to UK consumers would be higher when the state owned companies would be under private management. In India, the debate about improving the performance of PSUs started as early as late seventies as PSUs were not generating enough resources and as a whole were a drain on the public ex-chequer. The main issues in this debate, in India, are private vs public ownership, valuation of public enterprise shares and exit policy for labour and enterprises. A successful privatisation programme shall not only unshackle the economy but also give more time to politicians to concentrate on managing the economy rather than meddling in day to day affairs of business enterprises.

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