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851 items in total found

Journal Articles | 2019

Impostor phenomenon in STEM: occurrence, attribution, and identity

Devasmita Chakraverty

Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education

Purpose

This study aims to explore different themes related to impostor phenomenon, as experienced by graduate students and postdocs in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields.

Design/methodology/approach

Open-ended survey responses from 120 US-based participants from 40 states and Washington, D.C., describing an occasion when they felt like an impostor, were analyzed thematically.

Findings

Following content analysis, three themes emerged: occurrence, attribution and identity. While impostor-like feelings were experienced as early as high school or college, the majority experienced it during PhD application, on being admitted to a PhD program and throughout PhD training. The people experiencing impostor phenomenon attributed their achievements and success to others (other’s name, prestige, or connections, other’s mistake, other’s lies or misrepresentation, or other’s kindness) or self (self-inadequacy, pretense, luck or self-doubt) rather than their own hard work or ability. Gender-based and race/ethnicity-based identity also shaped the experiences of the impostor phenomenon.

Research limitations/implications

Open-ended survey responses varied in length and level of detail. Responses provided a one-time snapshot of a memory related to impostor-feelings that stood out, not indicating if the feeling persisted or evolved with time. The findings are not generalizable over a larger population.

Originality/value

This study identified multiple themes related to the impostor phenomenon not investigated before, enriching existing research while also providing methodological rigor for the development of follow-up studies.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Restoration work: Responding to everyday challenges of HIV outreach

Neha Kumar, Azra Ismail, Samyukta Sherugar, and Rajesh Chandwani

Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW

There has been a growing commitment across the fields of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and Human-Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D) towards investigating the design and deployment of technologies in the context of complex healthcare ecologies. We present a qualitative inquiry of one such context, as we examine the outreach practices and everyday challenges of workers at a community-based organization in Gujarat (India) that works with People Living with the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus(PLHIV). Drawing on Yosso's framework of community cultural wealth-apt for such intersectional settings-and the lens of articulation work, we describe how the workers at Vikas build and strengthen varied forms of capital to restore "old normals," or what life was like for their PLHIV clients prior to diagnoses. Finally, we propose that attention to this nature of restoration work, and the workers' engagement with diverse forms of community cultural wealth, allows us to reflect on how technologies might (or might not) be designed to impact social and affective aspects of health.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Improving the measurement of school climate using item response theory

Sarah Lindstrom Johnson, Ray E. Reichenberg, Kathan Shukla, Tracy E. Waasdorp, and Catherine P. Bradshaw

Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice

The U.S. government has become increasingly focused on school climate, as recently evidenced by its inclusion as an accountability indicator in the Every Student Succeeds Act. Yet, there remains considerable variability in both conceptualizing and measuring school climate. To better inform the research and practice related to school climate and its measurement, we leveraged item response theory (IRT), a commonly used psychometric approach for the design of achievement assessments, to create a parsimonious measure of school climate that operates across varying individual characteristics. Students (n = 69,513) in 111 secondary schools completed a school climate assessment focused on three domains of climate (i.e., safety, engagement, and environment), as defined by the U.S. Department of Education. Item and test characteristics were estimated using the mirt package in R using unidimensional IRT. Analyses revealed measurement difficulties that resulted in a greater ability to assess less favorable perspectives on school climate. Differential item functioning analyses indicated measurement differences based on student academic success. These findings support the development of a broad measure of school climate but also highlight the importance of work to ensure precision in measuring school climate, particularly when considering use as an accountability measure.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Medical negligence and law application of the Bolam and Bolitho rules in India

M P Ram Mohan and Vishakha Raj

Economic and Political Weekly

India has adopted the Bolam rule from the United Kingdom and has been using it to adjudicate cases of medical negligence. The evolution of the Bolam rule in the UK as well as the way the rule is applied in India by the Supreme Court reflects a balance between judicial intervention and deference to medical expertise. Although it is settled that it is the courts and not medical experts who must finally decide on whether the conduct of a doctor is negligent, the standards to be used when evaluating expert evidence and the extent to which such cases must be deferred to are evolving. The Supreme Court has not clearly stated the judicial standard against which it will test these differing opinions of medical experts and has not been consistent in its willingness to do so. Therefore, the application of the Bolam rule in India has been inconsistent and this is likely to have an impact on the decisions made by medical practitioners.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Nuclear energy safety, regulatory independence, and judicial deference: The case of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India

M P Ram Mohan, K V Gopakumar, and Tyson Smith

Administration & Society

Research examining regulatory independence has either suggested de jure independence to be a predictor of de facto independence or suggested that the presence of de jure may not always indicate de facto independence. We study the Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) to emphasize how AERB has enjoyed de facto independence, even in the absence of de jure independence. Using “judicial deference” principle, and through a mapping of substantive court cases, the article demonstrates Indian judiciary has consistently applied deference to AERB’s decision-making process, thereby showing confidence in the nuclear regulatory regime sustained as its inception.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Attitudinal choice models with applications in human decision making

Manish Aggarwal

International Journal of Intelligent Systems

A new family of attitudinal discrete choice models is proposed by considering the attitudinal character and the weight vector, both of which are specific to a decision maker (DM). Given the attribute values of different alternatives, the proposed models give varying choice probabilities, as per the DM's-specific attitudinal character and the weight vector. It is also shown that the conventional discrete choice models are the special cases of the proposed attitudinal models. The proposed choice models are also generalized through an additional parameter to add to their capabilities. An application on real data is included to demonstrate their usefulness in the real world.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Bridging the gap between probabilistic and fuzzy entropy

Manish Aggarwal

IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems

The real world decision-making often involves a comparison of uncertain systems, or alternatives based on fuzzy evaluations. The concept of fuzzy entropy is quite useful in such situations. This paper critically examines the existing fuzzy entropy functions, and redefine them to add to their usefulness as measures of the fuzzy uncertainty in decision-making applications. More specifically, new variants of the extant Luca & Termini, and Pal & Pal fuzzy entropy functions are proposed. The proposed fuzzy entropy functions are extended for the probabilistic-fuzzy uncertainty, commonly observed in the real world. A real application is included to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed entropy functions in decision-making applications.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Extended hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set with fuzzy confidence for solving group decision-making problems

R Krishankumar, K S Ravichandran, Manish Aggarwal, and Sanjay K Tyagi

Neural Computing and Applications

This paper presents a new extension of the hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) called intuitionistic fuzzy confidence-based HFLTS that associates an intuitionistic fuzzy value (IFV) with each linguistic term. The resulting term set is termed as intuitionistic fuzzy confidence hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (IFCHFLTS). The previous studies on the linguistic decision making have emphasized little upon the preference and non-preference for each of the linguistic terms. This information, however, is crucial in multi-criteria decision making under uncertainty. In this regard, we find IFV particularly useful for qualifying each of the linguistic terms with the agent’s degree of preference, non-preference, and hesitation values. Besides, a new aggregation operator named intuitionistic fuzzy confidence linguistic simple weighted geometry (IFCLSWG) is also proposed to fuse decision makers’ linguistic preferences. Further, the criteria weights are estimated using a new method called intuitionistic fuzzy confidence linguistic standard variance. An approach is also suggested for ranking the given alternatives by adapting VIKOR under the proposed IFCHFLTS context. Finally, the practicality and usefulness of the proposal are demonstrated through two real-world problems in green supplier selection for manufacturing industry, and medical diagnosis. The strengths and weaknesses of the proposal are also highlighted by drawing upon a comparison with similar methods.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Logit Choice Models for Interactive Attributes

Manish Aggarwal

Information Sciences

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Journal Articles | 2019

Modeling a decision-maker's choice behavior through perceived values

Manish Aggarwal

IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems

In the real world, an attribute value is perceived differently by different individuals. Emphasizing on this aspect, we extend the discrete choice models with perceived values that are subjective and specific to a decision-maker (DM). The proposed choice models are augmented with the parameters of an entropy function, besides the utility coefficients, to model a DM's complex choice behavior. A variety of higher order choice models are also proposed. The proposed models are further extended with a DM's reference-value for each attribute. A real and illustrative application is included.

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