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3588 items in total found

Working Papers | 1974

Environmental Scanning for Corporate Planning in India

Wadhva Charan D

The need for environmental scanning acquires great policy significance for both the micro-unit and the macro-economy in a developing country like India which is trying to achieve the objectives of economic development and distributional justice simultaneously through national planning. This paper attempts to provide a framework for scanning the external environment of a large industrial enterprise in the private sector in India to help the company in the long term planning of its activities. The impact of international conditions, technological conditions, national economic conditions, social conditions, demographic conditions, political conditions and governmental regulatory conditions impinging upon the existing activities of the company is analysd. Special study is made of the opportunities and constraints imposed by the national priorities set up by the planning authorities of a developing country such as India in her five year plans. The impact of national economic policies in shaping the future of a large enterprise is brought into focus. The likely influence of such policies on the economic development of the nation is briefly discussed.

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Working Papers | 1974

A Network Model for Urban Water Supply System including Desalination and Waster Water Renovation

Mukherjee Shishir K

Most urban areas are facing an ever increasing demand for fresh water due to population and industrial growth. The paper presents a network programming model to evaluate alternatives for supplying water from various sources-treated fresh water, desalinated sea water and renovated waste water-to satisfy future demands for multiple water use in coastal cities at minimum cost. Water demand projections for municipal, industrial, agricultural and recreational use are specified in terms of their geographical locations, quantity and quality specifications for a future data. Costs of water to match these demands from different sources any by desalination and renovation are assumed known. The network programming computer model can accommodate non-linear costs of water development, treatment and conveyance and uses an iterative technique to obtain a minimum cost solution. The network model described is quite general in the sense that it can be applied to other areas such as waste disposal and water pollution control, solid waste management, air pollution control, pipeline optimization and transportation studies.

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Working Papers | 1974

A Network Programming Model with Nonlinear Cost Functions

Mukherjee Shishir K

In this paper, a network programming model with nonlinear cost functions is described along with computer-based algorithms for the solution of the network model. The network model described is general as it can be applied for the optimization of various physical, economic and social systems, e.g. water supply and wastewater system, traffice and transportation system, solid waste handling system, natural gas and petroleum pipelines, communication systems, etc. Realistic nonlinear cost functions reflecting economies-of-scale are use for flow through the area of the system network. The nonlinear cost functions are usually nonconvex in nature, and various complexities are encountered in minimization problems involving these functions, specifically the difficulty of obtaining globally optimum solutions. Two algorithms utilizing approximating iterative schemes developed during an ongoing research project are described in this paper. These algorithms have been applied with success in water supply planning and wastewater treatment and disposal system optimization.

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Working Papers | 1974

On Deficit Financing

Swamy Dalip

The main conclusion emerging from the analysis is that the inflationary impact of a budget deficit depends upon the method used to finance that deficit. Using a static and a dynamic macroeconomic model it has been shown that the proportion of budget deficit financed by money creation is a crucial determinent of the rate of price inflation. The price inflation will be greater, the higher the proportion of budget deficit financed by money creation. Conditions under which this conclusion holds have derived. A crude empirical test is provided.

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Working Papers | 1974

Analysis of Disturbances in Gujarat (Jan. 1-28, 1974): The Food Problem and Suggestions

Desai D K

The recent disturbances in Gujarat were analysed and it was observed that the major cause of the disturbances was non-availability of foodgrains from the fair price shops particularly in the urban areas of Gujarat. This happened because both the State and the Central Governments failed to appreciate the acuteness of the problem and could not manage the procurement and distribution of foodgrains. The analysis shows that the disturbances were restricted to the urban areas because after the wheat takeouver the normal channels of foodgrain distribution in the open market had dried up and the public distribution could not supply foodgrains to the vulnerable sections. Suggestions are made how the problem could be tackled in the short run and in the long run.

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Working Papers | 1974

The Flow of Funds in Indian Manufacturing Sector

Swamy Dalip and Rao V G

An econometric model portraying the behaviour of flow of funds in manufacturing sector has been developed. Given the balance sheets constraint, decisions to acquire physical assets and other decisions about source and allocation of funds are governed by profitability, liquidity and transaction requirements. Based upon these criteria, a self-contained model for explaining the data sources and uses of funds pertaining to the Indian Manufacturing Sector has been developed. It consists of 12 behavioural equations and several identities. The equations are fitted to annual flows of funds related to data over the period 1954 through 1970. Main conclusion of this preliminary investigations are as follows: 1. Profits after tax are not sensitive to changes in capacity utilization rate, but are highly sensitive to changes in sales. 2. There is no evidence of direct effect of changes in interest rates or other monetary policy instruments on the components or internal funds. Interest rates, however, are found to exert pressure on the flow of external funds to the manufacturing sector. 3. Inventory and fixed investment are found to be sensitive to variations in the availability of external funds. Monetary policy affects the manufacturing sector through the funds availability (has a quantity effect) rather than through interest rates (price effect). 4. Liquidity as well as interest cost considerations play important role in determinine the allocation of funds between financial assets, like marketable securities, accounts receivable and cash and bank balances. 5. Thus, fiscal policy, as reflected in terms of tax parameters has a direct impact on the cash f.low position of the manufacturing sector and thereby affects its decisions to invest and hold inventories. Monetary policy affects the portfolio of financial assets and external funds; its effects on the decisions to invest and hold stocks are only indirect and remote.

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Working Papers | 1974

Operations Research in National and Multi-Level Planning

Mukherjee Shishir K

A rapid increase in the productivity of all sectors is required in developing countries for the betterment of their people and removal of abysmal poverty. This may be achieved through the institution of planning at the national, sectoral and regional levels. Proper choice of projects to be included in the plan, their location and regional distribution play an important role in increasing the productivity of planned sectors of the economy and in the development of various regions. This paper discusses the application of operations research models in the dual hierarchial framework by regions and sectors of a national economy. A class of computational techniques known as decomposition methods exhibit hierarchical problem structure quite similar to the multi-level planning problem. Detailed sectoral models or regional models involving project selection and spatial details could be integrated into a balanced national plan using such a planning and computational framework. An analysis of the various commodities produced would indicate the level at which project decisions for that commodity should be undertaken. The partial decomposition of more amenable to the application of operations research models for project selection and optimization.

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Working Papers | 1973

Importance of Civil Air Transport to the Indian Economy

Joshi Nandini

Civil air transport cannot be viewed as merely a system of moving people and goods from one place to another. The purpose of this study is to aid civil aviation policy makers, legislators and members of the public in gaining better understanding of the economic ramifications of civil air transport. The study, made for the Indian Airlines, seeks to define and, wherever possible, to quantify the important economic impact of civil aviation in relation to (1) employment and income multiplier, (2) foreign exchange and trade benefits, and (3) technological and unquantifiable spin-off. The major findings based on the paper are highlighted in Table A. Table A Highlights of Civil Aviation Direct-plus-Indirect Benefits to India in 1968-69 • 5% of India's work force employed • Rs. 316 crores of incomes generated • Rs. 180 crores worth of gross foreign exchange generated • 5500 persons demestically carried daily • 82% of foreign visitors brought The contribution of civil air transport to the twentieth century progress is substantial and significant. A country that does not meet the challenges and maximise the benefits, excludes itself from the process of world revolution. The paper will attempt to specify and quantify the impact of the civil air transport on the Indian economy in terms of employment, incomes, expenditures, foreign exchange earnings, trade and exports, communication and commerce technological spin-off and other unquantifiable advantages.

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Working Papers | 1973

Industrial Performance and Government Controls

Paul Samuel

This paper examines the growth and utilisation of industrial capacity in India, the factors responsible for inter-industry variations in capacity utilisation and the policy implications of the findings of the study. The period covered is 1960-71. The major findings are summarised below: 1) Industrial capacity expanded during 1960-70 at the rate of 5.7% per year. The highest rates of growth were in the capital and intermediate goods segments of industry. The rate of growth of capacity declined from 6.1% in 1960-64 to 4.6% in 1967-70. 2) An unusual finding is the steady growth in the consumer goods capacity over the decade. Frow a low rate of growth of 2% in 1960-64, the rate has increased to 4% since 1965. 3) The average utilisation of capacity during the period 1961-71 is approximately 53%. Capital and intermediate goods sectors had relatively higher rates in the earlier part of the period, but declined with the onset of the recession. However, in the consumer goods group, utilisation has steadily improved over the period. 4) Selected industry characteristics and policy variables together explain nearly 72% of the inter-industry variations in capacity utilisation. All the net regression coefficients are significant. 5) Neither market control (concentration) nor large size of firms seems to have any adverse impact on capacity utilisation. It could well be that in a regime of shortages, the effective constraint is on the supply side and the firms with greater market control or size may be more successful in getting more raw materials and other inputs. 6) Higher effective rates of protection are associated with lower capacity utilisation rates. Government controls tend to provide high levels of protection even to inefficient industries which may not be able to utilise their capacities adequately. 7) There are policies and controls which work against the full utilisation of capacity. A realignment of such policies is in order. It is argued that banning socially undesirable products will be preferable to the present system which leaves considerable scope for delays, influence and inconsistent decisions.

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Working Papers | 1973

Training and Research Needs for Agricultural Management

Gaikwad V R

The purpose of this paper is (1) to highlight the rapid expansion of government activities in agricultural sector, (2) to discuss the areas and nature of management tasks in the light of expansion of activities, (3) to develop a framework for training courses in agricultural management, and (4) to identify broad areas of research which would provide a base for developing the training programmes.

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