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3589 items in total found

Working Papers | 1976

Employment Generation in Panchmahals

Sambrani Shreekant

Panchmahals is a relatively backward district in east-central Gujarat. The district is susceptible to droughts frequently. As a consequence, the foodgrain production fluctuates quite significantly. The district has a sizeable population of tribals, most of whom live in agro-climatically poorer regions of the district. Even though the district has forest and mineral resources, employment offered by these activities is not significant. There is no industrialization worth the name. The district is thus resource-poor and, therefore, poverty-stricken. The tribals would appear to be the poorest among the poor. A survey of 200 households of the district conducted in 1972-73 indicated that over four-fifths of the households had incomes below the poverty mark. The position of the tribals was even worse. Their poverty is not a result of adverse climatic conditions alone. The poverty is endemic and pervasive. The poor seem to be caught in a vicious circle of poverty. Average per capita income was about 10 per cent below the poverty mark. In order to raise incomes barely to the poverty mark, the district would need 1.5 crore man-days of additional employment every year. An examination of selected labour-intensive low-investment activities such as soil conservation, well-digging and housing construction shows that an investment of between Rs 6 and 20 crores would be required to provide the needed employment. Of these, soil conservation and well-digging have on-going employment effects, which would not require any investment beyond the initial push. It is necessary to undertake a major programme to create additional employment within a short time. A gradual, phased programme, requiring an annual outlay of Rs. 1 crore would show sizeable employment gaps even after a number of years. It would take ten years to cover the present employment shortfall. The vicious circle of poverty, therefore, needs a big push to break it.

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Working Papers | 1976

Growth of Factor Inputs and Total Factor Productivity in Public Sector Enterprises in India

Dholakia Bakul H

This study makes an attempt to examine the trend in Total Factor Productivity in the public sector enterprises by estimating and analyzing the contributions made by major factor inputs to the growth rate of not product originating in the public enterprises. It is divided into six sectors. After introducing the problem in the first section, the next three sections deal mainly with the estimation and analysis of the required time series of output, capital and labor respectively for public sector enterprises. In the last two sections, the estimates of contributions made by various sources to the growth of public enterprises are presented and some of their implications are examined. The major conclusions of the study are that the overall economic efficiency of the public sector enterprises has increased at the significant rate during the period after 1960-61, and that there seems to have been a remarkable acceleration in the growth rate of total factor productivity in public enterprises during the more recent years.

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Working Papers | 1976

A Framework for a National Wage Policy

Papola T S

The conflicting considerations of the desirability of raising the levels of living of workers and the need for capital formation and price stability have rendered it difficult for the policy makers in India to formulate a wage policy with unqualified and mutually consistent set of objectives. In spite of oft-pronounced denunciation of the free play of market forces, the intervention in the labor market has been limited and ineffective. On the other hand, the system of wage adjustment prevalent in the organized sector has turned wages into largely dysfunctional as factor prices and highly inequitable as factor incomes. For sometime now the need for evolving a national wage policy based on the principles of ensuring a minimum wage to all employed, rationalizing the wage criteria and wage differentials and making wage adjustment functional, has been widely recognized. Approaching wages as incomes rather than prices and attempting a workable wage productivity link-up, the present paper endeavors to outline a framework of such a policy.

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Working Papers | 1976

Total Performance Measurement System for Public Enterprises: A Framework

Dholakia Nikhilesh and Khurana Rakesh

The present system of auditing in public enterprises focuses mainly on economic variables-it does not give a complete picture of how well a public enterprise is performing in relation to the preference systems impingent on it. The performance measurement system outlined in this paper yields a vector of performance indices, economic and non-economic, measured in financial and non-financial terms. These indices can be used by enterprise "stakeholders" to evaluate and influence performance.

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Working Papers | 1976

Pshychology of Work: Individual in Organization

T. V. Rao

This study makes an attempt to examine the trend in Total Factor Productivity in the public sector enterprises by estimating and analysing the contributions made by major factor inputs to the growth rate of net product originating in the public enterprises. It is divided into six sections. After introducing the problem in the first section, the next three sections deal mainly with the estimation and analysis of the required time series of output, capital and labour respectively for public sector enterprises. In the last two sections, the estimates of contributions made by various sources to the growth of public enterprises are presented and some of their implications are examined. The major conclusions of the study are that the overall economic efficiency of the public sector enterprises has increased at a significant rate during the period after 1960-61, and that there seems to have been a remarkable acceleration in the growth rate of total factor productivity in public enterprises during the more recent years. TR No. 121 The conflicting considerations of the desirability of raising the levels of ling of workers and the need for capital formation and price stability have rendered it difficult for the policy makers in India to formulate a wage policy with unqualified and mutually consistent set of objectives. In spite of oft-pronounced denunciation of the free play of market forces, the intervention in the labour market has been limited and ineffective. On the other hand, the system of wage adjustment prevalent in the oragnised sector has turned wages into largely dysfunctional as factor prices and highly inequitable as factor incomes. For sometime now the need for evolving a national wage policy based on the principles of ensuring a minimum wage to all employed, rationalising the wage criteria and wage differentials and making wage adjustment functional, has been widely recognised. Approaching wages an incomes rather than prices and attempting a workable wage productivity link-up, the present paper endeavours to outline a framework of such a policy. TR No. 122 The present system of auditing in public enterprises focuses mainly on economic variables-it does not give a complete picture of how well a public enterprise is performing in relation to the preference systems impingent on it. The performance measurement system outlined in this paper yields a vector of performance indices, economic and non-economic, measured in financial and non-financial terms. These indices can be used by enterprise "stakeholders" to evaluate and influence performance. TR No. 123 This is a trend report of researchers relating to 'Psychology of Work' that have appeared in the past five years in India. Work in educational setting, industrial setting, health and family planning organisations, administrative setting, developmental work, entrepreneurship etc are the dimensions covered. On the basis of the survey two models of work-motivation have been examined and areas for future work have been suggested. This report has been prepared for the second survey of research in psychology sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Sciences Research.

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Working Papers | 1976

Wages in India: Towards A National

Verma Pramod

The objective of this paper is to review the empirical understanding of wage trends and wage differentials in Indian Industries. Such a review provides the empirical base for policy related issues raised in the second section of the paper. The administrative problems are highlighted. It is concluded that there is a need for administered wage system which could provide rationale for national wage structure. The recommendations by Chakravarti Commission are strongly supported.

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Working Papers | 1976

Delay in Labour Judiciary: An Empirical Investigation

Verma Pramod

The objective of this study was to understand the causes for delay in labour judiciary. A sample of 100 cases was drawn from the files of Industrial court and labour courts in Gujarat. It was found that the delay took place particularly at the evidence stage. Adjournments were sought by the managements, unions and the courts themselves. Both the procedures and the strength of the court need improvements to reduce the inordinate delays.

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Working Papers | 1976

Social Change

Pareek Udai

Researchers in the field of Social Change during the last five years have been reviewed. These include researches of change at the macro level and the various factors influencing these. These include also the various theories put forward to explain macro level change, including theories of reference group, migration and mobility, opportunities, motivation, entrepreneurship, education, technological development, social structure, bureaucracy and urbanisation. Factors influencing micro-level change discussed include Expectancy, individual variables, personality, nature of change, change agentry and support systems. Various psychological interventions have been reviewed. Finally, various theories and methodologies in social change are critically discussed, suggesting some improvement in this.

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Working Papers | 1976

Agricutural Labour Market - A Synoptic View

Vyas Vijay Shankar

The paper reviews the forces affecting supply of and demand for agricultural labour in India, their interaction as expressed in wage levels; and, the characteristics of the agricultural labour market. The simplistic assumption of perfectly elastic labour supply cannot be sustained at the empirical level. Labour supply ought to be measured in terms of mandays available for work at relevant wage rate for a specific period. This needs knowledge of the number of agricultural workers and the participation rate. In the past, for various reasons, the former increased phenomenally and the latter only marginally. However, in the short-run these factors which influence the supply are beyond the reach of policy measures. The demand, on the other hand, is more amenable to short-run policy measures. Studies are available both on the estimational and diagnostic aspects of demand. According to one view, ensuring full employment involves labour transfer to non-farm sector. However, the required growth in non-farm employment is too high for this alternative to be practical. In this context the role of the labour absobring agricultural strategy, like HYV programme, is emphasized. A snag in this strategy is that the high peak period demand may induce mechanisation and may, thus, reverse the trend in labour absorption. On the wages issue it is agreed that adequate information on real wage rates is lacking. Nevertheless a rise in real wages in several regions especially during the HYV period is indicated. This overview of labour market highlights the relevance of the demand-supply framework in wage determination. What is needed is to understand appropriate variables influencing demand and supply at disagagregate levels.

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Working Papers | 1976

Share or Fight: Dynamics of Co-operative and Competitive Behaviour

Pareek Udai

The monograph discusses the implications of the results of studies done in cooperative and competitive behaviour with children from grades 4,6 and 8 and the college students. The nature of cooperative and competitive behaviour has been discussed. The results on personality differences, age differences and sex differences are also discussed. Cultural differences and their implications are discussed. Results of the experiments to see the offset of communication on cooperation and the partner's behaviour on cooperation are described. Finally, a theory of cooperative behaviour, based on these results is suggested.

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