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626 items in total found

Journal Articles | 2022

Compliance and cooperation in global value chains: The effects of the better cotton initiative in Pakistan and India

Shakil Ghori, Peter Lund-Thomsen, Caleb gallemore, Sukhpal Singh, and Lone Riisgaard

Ecological Economics

The Better Cotton Imitative (BCI), the world's largest multi-stakeholder initiative (MSI) for sustainable cotton production, is a prime example of a hybrid “cooperation-compliance” model used by some MSIs to engage farmers and on-farm workers in the global South. Using a mixed methods approach, we investigate the impacts of this hybrid model on economic, environmental, and labor conditions of farmers and on-farm workers on irrigated cotton farms in Pakistan and India. In one of few cross-national comparisons of BCI impacts, we find evidence that farmers participating in BCI's “cooperation-compliance” model report (a) higher gross incomes and (b) lower input costs than comparison farmers. However, (c) BCI had no positive impacts upon labor conditions on cotton farms, as compared to conventional peers. Finally, (d) BCI's impacts are mediated by institutional and geographic differences across the study sites. We conclude that effects of MSIs are hard to generalize but can most meaningfully be understood within particular institutional designs, value chains, specific time periods, and institutional contexts.

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Journal Articles | 2022

First-generation and continuing-generation college graduates’ application, acceptance, and matriculation to US medical schools: A national cohort study.

Hyacinth RC Mason, Ashar Ata, Mytien Nguyen, Sunny Nakae, Devasmita Chakraverty, Branden Eggan, Sarah Martinez, and Donna B. Jeffe

Medical Education Online

Many U.S. medical schools conduct holistic review of applicants to enhance the socioeconomic and experiential diversity of the physician workforce. The authors examined the role of first-generation college-graduate status on U.S. medical school application, acceptance, and matriculation, hypothesizing that first-generation (vs. continuing-generation) college graduates would be less likely to apply and gain acceptance to medical school.Secondary analysis of de-identified data from a retrospective national-cohort study was conducted for individuals who completed the 2001–2006 Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Pre-Medical College Admission Test Questionnaire (PMQ) and the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). AAMC provided medical school application, acceptance, and matriculation data through 06/09/2013. Multivariable logistic regression models identified demographic, academic, and experiential variables independently associated with each outcome and differences between first-generation and continuing-generation students. Of 262,813 PMQ respondents, 211,216 (80.4%) MCAT examinees had complete data for analysis and 24.8% self-identified as first-generation college graduates. Of these, 142,847 (67.6%) applied to U.S. MD-degree-granting medical schools, of whom 86,486 (60.5%) were accepted, including 14,708 (17.0%) first-generation graduates; 84,844 (98.1%) acceptees matriculated. Adjusting for all variables, first-generation (vs. continuing-generation) college graduates were less likely to apply (odds ratio [aOR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–0.86) and be accepted (aOR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83–0.88) to medical school; accepted first-generation college graduates were as likely as their continuing-generation peers to matriculate. Students with (vs. without) paid work experience outside hospitals/labs/clinics were less likely to apply, be accepted, and matriculate into medical school. Increased efforts to mitigate structural socioeconomic vulnerabilities that may prevent first-generation college students from applying to medical school are needed. Expanded use of holistic review admissions practices may help decision makers value the strengths first-generation college graduates and other underrepresented applicants bring to medical educationand the physician workforce.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Religiosity and homophobia: Examining the impact of perceived importance of childbearing, hostile sexism and gender

Shubham Singhal and Vishal Gupta

Sexuality Research and Social Policy

Introduction Religiosity plays an important role in defning social norms and leads to homophobia. We tested whether the perceived importance of childbearing and hostile sexism mediate the relationship between religiosity and homophobia. We also tested the relative importance of two mediators and if they sequentially mediated the religiosity–homophobia relationship. Finally, we tested if gender moderates these efects. Methods Data from 49 countries with 70,867 participants collected by the seventh wave of the World Values Survey between 2017 and 2020 were analyzed using mediation and moderation techniques. Results The perceived importance of childbearing and hostile sexism explain the relationship between religiosity and homophobia. More specifcally, the perceived importance of childbearing mediates the religiosity–homophobia relationship, and it mediates the relationship more strongly than hostile sexism. Additionally, hostile sexism and the perceived importance of childbearing sequentially mediate the religiosity–homophobia relationship. This sequential mediation efect is stronger for men than for women. Similarly, the mediation efect of hostile sexism for the religiosity–homophobia relationship is stronger for men than for women. Conclusions The perceived importance of childbearing and hostile sexism explain the likely impact of religiosity on homophobia, which should be considered in psychological interventions and prevention programs. Policy Implications Interventions that are targeted at altering the perceived importance of childbearing and sexist attitudes can combat homophobia among religious people.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Cognitive sources of liability of foreignness in crowdsourcing creative work

Pankaj Kumar, Swanand J. Deodhar, and Sri Zaheer

Journal of International Business Studies

Is there a liability of foreignness in online crowdsourcing contests for creative work? Digitalization mitigates physical orthodox transaction-based frictions and is therefore expected to reduce the liability of foreignness. However, for creative work sourced digitally across borders, due to the decoupling of the locus of creation from the locus of selection and due to the cognitive nature of creative tasks, we suggest that frictions continue to arise from foreign solvers’ cognitive home biases in creative task generation and from solution-seeker firm managers’ cognitive home biases in creative task selection. These biases manifest as LOF, reducing the likelihood of foreign solvers’ work being selected as winners in online crowdsourcing contests. Furthermore, we argue that as foreign solvers gain both breadth and depth of international experience in prior online contests, and observe host peers in a live contest, the effect of the liability of foreignness is reduced due to the conceptual expansion of solvers’ creative consideration sets. Similarly, the seeker firm’s cognitive openness in selection arising from its being in a technology industry or being a physically international firm reduces the liability’s negative effect on solvers’ success. Our conditional logit estimation with multiway fixed-effects using 558,504 contest-solver observations from 13,993 solution-seeker firms in 102 countries and 11,497 solvers in 124 countries on an online platform broadly supports our hypotheses, suggesting that there are both demand-side and supply-side cognitive sources of LOF even in unblind online crowdsourcing contests.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Women’s labor force participation and household technology adoption

Gautam Bose, Tarun Jain, and Sarah Walker

European Economic Review

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Journal Articles | 2022

COVID mortality in India: National survey data and health facility deaths

Prabhat Jha, Yashwant Deshmukh, Chinmay Tumbe, Wilson Suraweera, Aditi Bhowmick, Sankalp Sharma, Paul Novosad, Sze Hang Fu, Leslie Newcombe, Hellen Gelband, and Patrick Brown

Science

India’s national COVID death totals remain undetermined. Using an independent nationally representative survey of 0.14 million (M) adults, we compared COVID mortality during the 2020 and 2021 viral waves to expected all-cause mortality. COVID constituted 29% (95% confidence interval, 28 to 31%) of deaths from June 2020 to July 2021, corresponding to 3.2 M (3.1 to 3.4) deaths, of which 2.7 M (2.6 to 2.9) occurred in April to July 2021 (when COVID doubled all-cause mortality). A subsurvey of 57,000 adults showed similar temporal increases in mortality, with COVID and non-COVID deaths peaking similarly. Two government data sources found that, when compared to prepandemic periods, all-cause mortality was 27% (23 to 32%) higher in 0.2 M health facilities and 26% (21 to 31%) higher in civil registration deaths in 10 states; both increases occurred mostly in 2021. The analyses find that India’s cumulative COVID deaths by September 2021 were six to seven times higher than reported officially.

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Journal Articles | 2022

I “showroom” but “webroom” too: investigating cross-shopping behaviour in a developing nation

Subhadip Roy, Kirti Sharma, and Sharuti Choudhary

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management

Purpose

The concepts of showrooming and webrooming have been well researched but majorly from the marketing/economic perspectives. The present study explores the socio-psychological motivations and different types of satisfaction derived from “cross-shopping” behaviour namely, showrooming and webrooming in a developing nation.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is exploratory and is conducted using an interpretive approach. The researchers conducted 52 in-depth interviews and the collected data were subjected to open and axial coding to generate the conceptual model.

Findings

The findings indicate various motivations of cross-shopping such a habit and the joy of discovery while novel aspects of satisfaction emerge such as process satisfaction and social satisfaction. The findings also revealed contextual moderators of the cross-shopping process.

Research limitations/implications

The present study contributes to the domain of cross shopping behaviour by illustrating the social motivators behind the same and novel satisfaction outcomes because of the cross-shopping process.

Practical implications

The present study has multiple implications that would enable managers to effectively utilize cross shopping behaviour such understanding of satisfaction beyond those derived from the product only.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies to investigate consumer behaviour related to cross shopping based on psycho-social dimensions.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Collaboration strategies in buyer-supplier relational (BSR) networks and sustainable firm performance: A trade-off story

Amalesh Sharma, Surya Pathak, Sourav Bikash Borah, and Anirban Adhikary

International Journal of Production Economics

A buyer firm can increase collaboration in its buyer-supplier relational (BSR) network by focussing on supplier-to-supplier interconnectivity (i.e., network density) or alternatively, by enabling supplier clustering. While the extant literature has considered the effects of these two strategies on firm financial performance, it has not shown whether a focal firm's buyer-supply network collaboration strategy affects its sustainable firm performance (SFP), specifically its environmental and economic performance. This paper investigates three key questions: (a) How do collaboration strategies influence SFP? (b) Is there an optimal mix of these two network strategies for fostering collaboration in a firm's BSR network? (c) Can a manager win on both environmental and economic frontiers by pursuing either strategy? Leveraging extant research on BSR networks, ambidexterity, and network theory, we propose a model linking collaboration strategies to SFP. We construct 330 multi-tier BSR networks and find strong support for the non-linear effects of both collaboration strategies on SFP. A response function analysis identifies the combination of strategies yielding the best outcome for SFP. We also find strong evidence for trade-offs between the performance variables. The results show that managers should focus on density as a lever while developing a minimal level of supplier clustering. We discuss academic and managerial implications of our findings for managing buyer-supplier relationships and enhancing a firm's performance.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Globalization, cities, and firms in twentieth-century India

Chinmay Tumbe

Business History Review

This article explores the linkages between globalization, cities, and firms in twentieth-century India. Since the interwar period in the early twentieth century, India withdrew from the global economy, reintegrating only in the 1990s. This reshaped the metropolitan hierarchy in India in specific ways, whether through international migration and creation of new supply chains before 1991 or by foreign direct investment in the final decade of the twentieth century. Firms—both Indian and multinational—had to respond to different waves of globalization and accordingly made location choices that in turn shaped the urban evolution. More broadly, this article points to the relevance of integrating urban history more closely with business history in studies of globalization.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Knowledge structure of Chief Marketing Officers (CMOs): A review, bibliometric analysis, and research agenda

Amalesh Sharma, Laxminarayana Yashaswy Akella, and Sourav Bikash Borah

Journal of Business Research

Research on Chief Marketing Officers (CMOs) has flourished in the last two decades. Nevertheless, despite significant interest among marketing academics and professionals, a comprehensive understanding of knowledge structure or of what the future holds for research remains lacking. In response, this paper aims to summarize CMO research’s current knowledge structure, understand the literature’s knowledge gaps, and identify critical future research avenues. An overview of paradoxical findings sets out the key issues, before a bibliometric analysis of 55 business- and management-related research articles is deployed to reveal a range of intellectual influences that have helped shape perspectives, identifying five meaningful clusters of knowledge. Related research within each cluster is then evaluated, and empirical findings discussed, alongside theoretical and conceptual development. Blind spots in CMO literature are also highlighted, and key directions are proposed for advancing research. The findings and future research avenues may help to further strengthen CMOs’ C-suite relevance.

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