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Working Papers | 1991

In Praise of Caste: A Tribute to Manu - The Law Giver: An Equity into the Philosphy of Work and Stratification (Part I)

Gaikwad V R

This paper analyses the question: ' How is one work different from the other? and proposes the following seven basic propositions: 1. Greater the degree of mental component in a work, higher will be the rating of that work in the hierarchy of work. 2. Greater the unknown a human mind has to cope with or manipulate or deal with, higher will be the rating of mental work. 3. Greater the hurt caused to the senses by the manual component in the work, lower is the rating of that work in the hierarchy of work. 4. Greater the contribution of work, whether mental or manual, to the survival of members of the society and society at large, higher will be the rating of that work. 5. Higher the rating of work higher will be the status of person doing that work. 6. Greater the difference between the inherent, rating associated status (ascribed status) and the status actually enjoyed (achieved or imposed), higher will be the tension in an organization, group community, society. In addition, there are thirteen other propositions which are a corollary of these or are derived from the explanations of contradictions to the seven basic propositions. Al these propositions indicate that as long as the Rating-Status Equity Law operates, there is harmony.

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Working Papers | 1991

The Average Welfare Fair and Egaliterian Solutions for Bargaining Problems

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper e present an alternative characterization of the Egalitarian Solution for bargaining problems and show that the Egalitarian solution has the property that for any agent the incremental utility from bargaining is atleast as much as the average incremental utility of all other agents. Conversely, we show that any solution which is both weakly Pareto optimal and satisfies this latter property must be egalitarian.

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Working Papers | 1991

Adjustment to Risk in Farming-An Assessment of Drought-Prone Farmers Strategies in Karnataka, India *

Gajanana T M and Sharma B M

Weather-induced instability in farming in the predominant rainfed lands is fairly well recongised. Faced with the problems of frequent droughts and the resultant risk in farming, farmers strategies to cope with the situations during and after the drought. An attempt is made in this paper to examine the nature and extent of risk in farming and an assessment is made of the adjustment/management mechanism adopted by the farmers in one of the drought-prone districts of Karnataka.

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Working Papers | 1991

Portfolio Management: The Process and its Dynamics

Gupta Ramesh

Like many areas of business, portfolio management is both an art and a science. It is much more than the selection of securities from a catalog by a financial consultant or the application of a formula to a set of financial data input supplied by a security analyst. It is a dynamic decision-making process, one that is continuous any systematic but also one that requires large amounts of astute managerial judgment about the securities markets and the individual for whom portfolio is managed. The author in this article documents the processes involved in portfolio management and the considerations which are of paramount importance in constructing an individual's portfolio.

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Working Papers | 1991

Impact of Computerisation in Indian Railways

K. V. Ramani

Indian Railway was one of the first few government departments to introduce computers in the country. Computerisation on Indian Railways started in the late 60s with the induction of IBM 1401s in the nine zonal railways, three production units, and the Railway Board. Many applications were computerised such as Passenger Revenue and Goods Accounting, Financial Management, Inventory. Operating Statistics etc. While these systems proved to be beneficial to the Railways, they were soon found to be inadequate to cater to the increasing requirements. But it was only in the VII th plan period from 1985-0 when these IBM 1401s were replaced with third and fourth generation computer systems. Computerisation in the production units and the zonal railways were strengthened, and computers were introduced in the divisions, workshops and stores. Also, many new areas for computerisation such as Passenger Reservation System (PRS), Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) etc. were initiated. these developments are now beginning to show impacts on both the Railway system and its users. About Rs.240 crores were spent on computerisation in the VII th plan; requirement of funds for computerisation in the VIII th plan from 1990-1995 is projected at Rs. 880 crores.

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Working Papers | 1991

Data System for Environmental Impact Assessment for Humid-Tropical Regions: Relevant Issues

Moulik T K

Environmental problems encountered in most of the developing countries arise due to conditions of poverty and under development as well as the negative effects of development progrmmes which have been badly planned and implemented. In most of the developing countries, particularly those in the humid-tropical region, damage being done to the environment, because of the population size and its increase and the scale of developmental activities, is of such magnitude and consequences that urgent remedial measures are called for. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been identified as a major tool for the realization of environmentally sound development. Over the last decade EIA systems have been or are being implemented in many developed as well as developing countries. This synthesizes the practical experiences in the application of EIA systems to outline data problem requirements and analysis for developing countries in the humid-tropic region.

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Working Papers | 1991

Revamping Stock Exchange Operations - Some Suggestions

Gupta Ramesh

Stock Exchanges have been playing a major role in mobilizing private savings for industrial growth. With increasing participation of general public in securities association of themselves to regulate trading and to protect the interests of member brokers, is proving to be inadequate and detrimental to the interests of general investing public. With frequent market closures any payment crisis, the need has arisen to reexamine the system and suggest suitable regulatory policy measures which would focus on invisible but effective maintenance of market discipline and depend on strengthening of professional and financial support services which will make market work as they should. This paper examines some of these issues and suggests the following policy measures: 1. Collect margins on gross business and not on net business of a broker 2. Insulate investment business from speculative trading 3. Complete automation of stock exchange operations 4. Provide explicitly for investor protection in bye-laws of the stock exchanges 5. Strict enforcement of rules and regulations 6. Nominate active and knowledgeable public representatives on governing boards of exchanges 7. Establishment of unified regulatory body

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Working Papers | 1991

Comparative Performance of Farmers Service Societies and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Socities

Desai B M and Nambudiri C N S

This paper analyses performance of Farmers' Service Societies (FSS) and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies (PACS) comparatively. Features of these two field-level rural financial institutions (RFIs) are described in Section-II. Section-III conceptualizes performance criteria. Section-IV discusses application of these criteria and analyses the empirical results. Major conclusion of the paper is that FSS have performed better than PACS. But both these RFIs have not succeeded in undertaking agro-marketing and processing. Implications of these findings are discussed in the last section.

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Working Papers | 1991

Technological and Institutional Variables in the Evolution of Rules for Community Plantations of a Scehduled Caste in a Backward Area of Gujarat

Pastkaia A R

This paper examines the nexus between new technology for an open access land resource and an institutional set-up for establishing and manging tree plantations as a common pool resource. For the Vankars, a scheduled caste of a coastal saline region of Gujarat, this meant a struggle at several levels in society. This land is owned by the state government. It is open access land managed by the village panchayat. The Vankars combined their knowledge of local resources with the techno-managerial inputs of an external non-government organization to evolve a new technology for making these lands productive. Some land was acquired from the Government on long lease on an individual basis and some on a group basis. In either case the Vankars soon realised that reclamation and management of such degraded lands called for pooling of the land as well as other resources. The paper examines the evolution of rules for using usufruct, providing labour and protection, processing wood into charcoal and marketing, in three cooperatives. These have been selected on the basis of land productivity as criterion. The mechanisms for sharing the set-up and maintenance costs of the plantations, the problems of fostering unity and the perceived stream of benefits realised by the members vis-à-vis the NGO are summarised. Implications are then drawn for building institutions around common pool resources.

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Working Papers | 1991

Impacts of Energy Crisis on Indian Agricultural Sector

Tewari Devi D and Rao V M

This paper discusses the impact of rising crude oil prices on the Indian agricultural sector in general and on the food grain sub-sector in particular, using a mix equation econometric model.

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