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Working Papers | 1973

A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for A Matrix to be Totally Unimodular

Raghavacahari M

A characterization of totally unimedular matrices is given in the paper. This provides an iterative method directly applicable on the matrix itself to recognize total unimedularity or otherwise of any given matrix.

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Working Papers | 1973

Note on Forecasting Techniques

Gupta G S

The Note on Forecasting Techniques discusses (a) the need for forecasts, (b) the alternative forecasting techniques, and (c) the alternative measures of Forecast's inaccuracy. The discussion of each forecasting technique is illustrated with examples. It concludes that expert judgement plays a role in obtaining forecasts for any variable, using any technique; this role is less significant if statistical techniques are used than if other techniques are used. Furthermore, the note recommends obtaining alternative forecasts, based on alternative assumptions about the future, against obtaining a single forecast for any variable under forecasting.

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Working Papers | 1973

Developing Countries as a Market for Software Exports: The View from India

Krishnayya J G

The developing countries constitute a significant growth market for computer systems and software. Analysing the needs of this market and the difficulties they present, we find that they require problem analysis, systems design, hardware and software integration, training and facilities management. India has some advantages as a base for meeting these needs. Competition with established firms will however require a distinctive strategy. The possible advantages of "not relying on IBM" are reviewed. Successful operations will require a commitment of personnel n site for short and long periods. This places a premium upon a good base in a growing home market as well as a sophisticated organization design involving a consortium of software houses.

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Working Papers | 1973

Relationship of Job Involvement to Perceived Importance and Satisfaction of Employee Needs

Kanungo R N and Misra Sasi B

Relationship between attitude of job involvement and patterns of perceived need importance, need satisfaction, and need strength were explored. Data were collected from 64 high-involved and 77 low involved employees of two Indian organizations. Results revealed that the attitude of job-involvement acted as a moderator variable only with respect to employee's cognitive evaluation of the importance of need on the job. High involved employees as compared to low involved employees, attached greater importance to safety and self-actualization needs and lesser importance to physiological and social needs. With respect to the patterns of need satisfaction and need strength, the high and low involved employees did not differ. Both groups were least satisfied with and felt strongest needs in physiological and self-actualization areas. Several hypotheses derived from Maslow's need hierarchy notion could not be supported by the results. It was postulated that the cognitive value system of perceived need importance which is influenced by job involvement attitude is different from experiential evaluation of need satisfaction and strength which are more a function of the cue properties of the job and its environment.

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Working Papers | 1973

International Themes of Indian Youth as Expressed During Sensitivity Training

Garg Pulin K

In this paper, the author presents a new approach to Sensitivity training based on Intra-person and Interperson Approaches. The basic concern is with the problem of adjustment on an individual in a rapidly changing Technological society. In this method, the participants are encouraged to talk freely about their psycho-social world and a multiplicity of experiences is thus generated in which the persons can re-examine their feeling structure for purposes of self-review and growth. The trainer in such an approach is more than a trainer-he is a person. This approach was tried out very successfully with five groups of students from a leading Business School over a period of three years. These Seminars also provided data about the very personal and private themes of the youth who attended. The dominant feeling in Indian youth seems to be one of "rejection" and this is also borne out by historical inputs. Four other dominant themes of "Feelinglessness, Loneliness, Independence, Exilehood and deprivation" were also identified. The dominant feeling of 'rejection' appeared related to 'dependency-control' and the genesis was mainly in the actions of the parents and the significant others. This feeling implies that an individual can only be a role and nothing but a role. He cannot 'Be'. In a like manner escape from 'Feelinglessness' was perceived in excessive task orientation. Loneliness and Isolation resulted from a fear of closeness whilst gaining of ones Independence was preceived to be "ungrateful" as it would mean the 'desertion' of others who had done so much for you. This method was found to lead to increased willingness for self-review, through quickly creating a process of empathy and making the participants realise the simultaneous uniqueness and communality with the Universal man.

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Working Papers | 1973

Labour in a Textile City: A Study of Workers Needs and Welfare in Ahmedabad

Verma Pramod

The basic hypothesis of this study is that welfare expenditure undertaken by various independent agencies does not meet the felt needs of the workers. A socio-economic survey was conducted to identify these needs. The survey covered 356 'chawls' and 43 housing colonies in 7 areas where industrial workers live. The data suggest, inter-alia, that the immediate needs of the working class are: sanitary facilities, primary school, cooperative housing society, vocational school for children and vocational school for adults. Survey results generally validate the hypothesis of this study. Consequently, two action-oriented suggestions have been made: 1) the managements should, either singly, or in collaboration with trade unions, Municipal corporation and welfare agencies, provide a lead in formulation and execution of welfare projects; and 2) an apex body should be created to coordinate the activities of relevant welfare and funding agencies.

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Working Papers | 1973

A Monetary Policy Model for India

Gupta G S

Based on a sample of 20 annual observations (1948-49 through 1967-68) a policy-oriented econometric model for the Indian economy with an emphasis on the monetary sector has been formulated estimated, and analysed. Besides national income and its components, the demand, supply, and equilibrium condition of each of the six kinds of financial assets (currency, bank reserves, government bonds, demand deposits, time deposits, and private non-bank liabilities with banks) were considered. Every effort was made to introduce as many policy variables in as many equations as permissible both on theoretical and on statistical grounds. The primary objective was to quantitatively evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of various policy variables on the model's endogenous variables. The model should be of help in understanding the portfolio management by the different sectors of the economy.

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Working Papers | 1973

Optimal Targets for Indian Family Planning Program

Satia J K

Benefits and costs associated with family planning programs of underdeveloped countries in general, and of India in particular, have been a subject of intensive investigations. These studies have been primarily used as a means for the justification of family planning programs. In this paper, we have applied benefit-cost analysis to derive the economically justifiable targets for Indian family planning programs. The targets are defined in terms of desired declines in general fertility rates (GFR). A demographic and economic model similar to Coale-Hoover is constructed to evaluate the economic consequences of different GFR paths. The cost-equations based upon the past data are used to estimate the costs of achieving various GFR paths. Benefit-cost analysis is used to compare these paths and derive optimal targets. The study shows that the benefit-cost analysis results are very sensitive to the type of economic benefits considered. Interest rates and horizon periods also effect the optimal targets. The analysis is then used to discuss the interactions among per-capita-consumption distribution, measures used and suggested to achieve declining fertility rates and financing of family planning programs. It is stressed that a massive program to reduce fertility rates may not achieve credibility unless steps are taken to achieve a greater equality in per-capita-consumption distribution.

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Working Papers | 1973

Trainer Intervention: A Case Study

Baliga B R and Garg Pulin K

This paper presents a series of Trainer Interventions and their efficacy in building up a Group Climate at a time when the Reactive Processes in the Group had reached a dangerous point which was affecting the working of the Group. The observations of these interventions were made by a Group of observers who were in the Second Phase of their Training Program for T-Group trainers. These observations were then subjected to a critical analysis under the Guidance of the Phase-Two coordinator and were, then, cross-checked with the observed Group and its trainers. The case study is very revealing in regard to the manner in which empathy processes can be generated in the group and also indicated the efficacy of 'Modelling' as a trainer-intervention. The paper also shows the value of 'Process-level' observation for understanding the underlying group processes.

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Working Papers | 1973

Implementation Problems of Management Control Systems

Bhattacharyya S K and Camillus J C

This report summarizes the initial findings of the research project on implementation problems of management control systems sponsored by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, with the support of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. It must be emphasised that the findings at this stage represent just a "first cut" at the data and that a considerable amount of statistical analysis as well as in-depth interviews remain to be executed. This research project would not have been possible without the financial help of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, the unstinted support of the Institute of Chartered Accountant of India, and most importantly, the tremendous amount of co-operation provided to the researchers by the corporate sector. The response rate to the questionnaire has been truly phenomenal. In fact, in view of the length of the questionnaire, it is indeed a matter or considerable gratification, that the researchers can now analyse the management control practices of over 90 selected, large Indian companies. The researchers wish to place on record the tremendous debt of gratitude owed to the Indian Institute of Management, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, and the companies that participated in the research study.

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