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3556 items in total found

Working Papers | 1988

Input-Output Tables for Kerala Methodology and Estimates

Ravindra H. Dholakia and Dholakia Bakul H

Input coefficient matrix and input transaction matrix for Kerala State are estimated in the present paper for 50 x 50 commodity sectors for the year 1984-85 at current prices. The sectors and methodology followed here are compatible and consistent with those of the national I-O tables which form the basis for the 7th Five Year Plan. The Kerala I-O matrices are estimated using both the survey based and non-survey based methods. Comparison of the estimates based on both these methods reveals that non-survey based method used in the paper performs satisfactorily to capture the overall regional differences from the national technology. If, however, the purpose is to capture sector-activity-specific differences in the regional technology, the survey based method should be preferred over the non-survey based method although the former involves much greater time and effort.

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Working Papers | 1988

Development of a Psychometric Measure of Learned Helplessness (LH)

Pestonjee D M and Reddy Prathap

Behavioural sciences have constantly attempted to bring greater rigour in their measurements. Tests and instruments represent one such attempt. The aim of the present research is to evolve and develop a scientific tool for measurement of the 'learned helplessness' (LH) concept. The authors have taken into account such attributions as: internal-external, stable-unstable, and global-specific. With the help of factor-analysis, eight of factors have been extracted and a 24-item scale on LH has been standardised.

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Working Papers | 1988

Distributional Impact of Government Expenditure - A Welfare Indicator Approach

Dholakia Archana R and Ravindra H. Dholakia

Existing approaches and empirical estimation of distributional impact of government expenditure so far have been heavily dependent on several restrictive assumptions which are questionable particularly for the developing countries where phenomena of externalities and indivisibilities play a vital role. Such approaches can, therefore, seriously distort not only the evaluation of government expenditure policies but also their future directions. In the present paper we develop a simple model based on a new welfare indicator approach. Such an approach avoids almost all the restrictive unrealistic assumptions of the earlier approaches. Our approach considers basic welfare which is the minimum desired welfare level rather than the total achievable welfare level of the population. The theoretical framework developed in the present paper is also extended to analyse the government expenditure policy questions if the empirical estimates based on our approach are available for the economy.

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Working Papers | 1988

Does Type - A Moderate the Stress - Anger Relationship in Case of Managers

Pestonjee D M and Singh G P

The study reported in this paper examines the moderating role of Type-A pattern of behavioural disposition on the relationship between role stress and state-trait anger. A set of three psychometric instruments, namely, ORS Scale (Pareek, 1983), Can You Type Your Behaviour (Gmelch, 1982) and State-Trait Anger Scale (Spielberger et al, 1983) were administered on 547 management professional for the information pertaining to role stresses, Type-A-B behaviour patterns and state-trait angers respectively. Peason's product moment coefficient of correlation, subgrouping and hierarchical multiple repression analyses were used to analyse the data. Findings of the study revealed that Type-A pattern of behavioural disposition and state-trait anger associate positively and significantly with role stress variables. Further, more coefficients of correlation between state-anger and role stresses were found to be significant for Type-B managers than Type-As. Test of significance of difference revealed that relationship of state anger with six role stress variables, namely, interrole distance, role erosion, role overload, role ambiguity, resource inadequacy and overall role stress were significantly different and higher for Type-B managers. On the other hand, coefficients of correlation between trait anger and role stress variables were higher for Type-A managers as compared to Type-Bs. However, none of the relationship between the variables was found to be significantly different. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that form of relationship of two role stress variables (RS and REC) with state anger and of four role stress variables [RS, RE, RA and ORS(T)] with trait anger were significantly moderated by Type-A behaviour pattern.

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Working Papers | 1988

Marine and Inland Fishery Sectors in India: Issues Arising out of Privitization of Common Property Resources for Accelerating Production

Srivastava Uma Kant

The marine fishery resources are common property, theoretically accessible to all. However, due to cost and uncertainty of exportable resources, all types of boat owners tend to fish close to shore. Serious conflicts have been observed between the traditional and mechanized craft owners. Further, with the mechanization, decentralised landing places are giving way to more centralised landing and marketing places. Similarly, the inland fishery resources which are also common property, are now being privatized for the benefit of a few. This paper is designed to analyse Indian experience with emerging issues of equity, income distribution, employment and social tensions in the process of mechanization of marine fisheries and acceleration of production in inland fisheries.

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Working Papers | 1988

Economy Demand Factor in Regional Industrialization

Ravindra H. Dholakia and Bhat Ramesh

In the present study it is argued that policies to achieve reduction in regional inequalities in industrialization in India so far have been guided by theories emphasizing the role of supplies of factors of production, particularly capital stock. This has resulted in only increasing the incremental capital-output ratios rather than achieving the desired reduction in the regional inequalities. The present study advocates policies based on theory emphasizing the role of national demand factors. It discusses critically the earlier studies attempting to test the role of demand factors in determining the extent of regional industrialization and suggests a more acceptable specification of the model for testing the hypothesis. State is taken as the regional unit and time series data on SDP are used for empirically testing the hypothesis. Indian regional data seem to support the hypothesis of national demand factor playing a major role in determining the extent of regional industrialization.

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Working Papers | 1988

Financing Public Enterprise in India: The Case of Central Government Enterprises

Gupta Anand P

This paper provides a perspective on how Central Public Enterprises' plan investments are financed. It reveals that although budgetary support continues to be a major source of financing Central Public Enterprises' plan investments, its contribution has declined from 53% in 1984/85 to 46.9% in 1986/87 and is expected to decline further to 40.3% in 1987/88. As per cent of GDP, budgetary support for CPEs' plan investments has declined from 2.83% in 1984/85 to 2.66% in 1986/87 and is expected to decline further to 2.18% in 1987/88. There is reason to believe that this trend would continue. Significantly, while budgetary support for CPEs' plan investments is declining, Government of India's budget deficit continues to be high-it is expected to be about 8.5% of GDP in 1987/88 against 7.8% in 1984/85. Indeed, the 1987/88 deficit would have been 9% of GDP, not 8.5%, had the GOI not changed the accounting treatment of oil surplus funds. (These funds amounted to at least Rs. 35 billion during 1982/83-1085/86 and were shown in the GOI's books as interest-bearing capital receipts from the Oil Coordination Committee. The GOI has now decided to treat most of these surplus funds as a current contribution from the OCC. The contribution amounted to Rs. 13 billion in 1986/87 and is expected to be Rs. 17 billion in 1987/88.) What all this boils down to is that it is the rapid growth in GOI's disbursements other than budgetary support to finance its enterprises' plan investments, which is responsible for the rising budget deficit. This is an important point, given the general tendency of many commentators to attribute the recent rises in GOI's budget deficits to its budgetary support to CPEs to enable them to finance their plan investments. Clearly, a strategy to control the GOI's rapidly rising expenditures urgently needs to be developed. There is also a strong case for determined efforts to improve the financial performance of CPEs. The paper shows that net return on net worth employed in CPEs is pitifully low-4.5% in 1986/87, the latest year for which the relevant data are available. This is substantially less than even the artificially low interest rates which the GOI pays on the resources it borrows. What is more, even the above overall net return is largely because of the petroleum enterprises, which accounted for nearly three-fourths of the net profits of profit-making CPEs. Indeed, as the net profits of non-petroleum CPEs were inadequate to offset the losses of loss-making CPEs the net return in the non-petroleum sector was in the negative - -1.2%. Clearly, this is not a happy situation.

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Working Papers | 1988

An Exploratory Study of Key Performance Areas and Competency Requirements of Young Management Graduates

T. V. Rao and Solanki Pramod K S

The study aimed at exploring the nature of activities and tasks performed by young management graduates and the skills (human, technical and conceptual) required to perform them effectively. Forty four management graduates from 34 organizations (private sector, public sector and multinational companies, banks, family-owned business and professionally-managed organizations etc) were interviewed for the study. Analysis of the interview data has yielded the following: 1. A comprehensive list of key performance areas and competency requirements for marketing, finance, production, personnel and systems jobs in different settings. Though the performance areas show tremendous variation across different jobs, the following competencies have been stated to be indispensable for effective performance of any job: Man-management skills, innovativeness and ability to plan and execute diverse activities. 2. Certain issues which have significant implications for improving the quality of management education in India. Most important of them is faulty curriculum. A large number of readings and cases being used are written by foreign authors based on Western settings. These have limited relevance to the realities of Indian organizations. Consequently a fresh management graduate is not well prepared to meet the challenges of work life. The case discussion and exercises conducted in the class hinge around the role of Chief Executive in the organization. This gives rise to false expectations among students. They expect to do the kind of things i.e. policy planning and strategic decision-making, which in reality may come to them only in the later years of their career. In order to avoid this rude shock and frustration to the graduates, more and more Indian cases and readings highlighting work life of lower and middle level executives should be incorporated in the curriculum. 3. Recommendations for future management graduates to help them adjust to the work environment during the formative years. They have been advised to rely on the feedback from their seniors, rather than on placement talks, while making the choice of job and organization; more weightage should be given to the job content rather than the salary at this stage; they should not have "MBA hang ups" and mix freely with people as interpersonal skill is the most important ability for effective performance on any job.

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Working Papers | 1988

Social and Professional Context of Growth - Women as Home Makers and Managers

Parikh Indira J and Garg Pulin K

This paper explores the processes of growth of women in both the family and work settings and their role as home-makers and managers. From the family, women acquire male and female role models. They also acquire concept of systems and organisations. Family and the national thrust for education provide opportunities for education and as a consequence career aspirations. From experiences of growing up, women evolve emotive and cognitive maps of both people and systems. They then, crystalize their own role. Some of the roles they form are that of the adjuster, the assertive, the drifter, the unappreciated, the misunderstood and the unaffirmed. Organisations often reinforce these roles. This paper examines the struggle of women to go beyond the above stereotypes of both the social and work roles. They discover that social and work role models of past only take them so far. Beyond that, they have to arrive by trial and error and by resillience and commitment with new action choices and new roles. They have to define new concepts of roles and systems and crystalize a meaningful identity relevant for themselves and both the systems of family and work.

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Working Papers | 1988

Survival under Stress: Socio Ecological Perspective on Farmers Innovation and Risk Adjustments

Gupta Ramesh

Need for closer interactions between natural scientists and farmers to generate relevant technologies is being increasingly recognised. The uniformity of ecological endowment and its correspondence with conditions at research station did not call for reorientation of research strategy for irrigated regions. However, in rainfed regions, we argue in this paper, there is a need to understand farmers' adjustment with risks as well as their experimental ethic. Drawing upon Chinese knowledge dating back to First century B.C., recent evidence from Bangladesh and India, it is suggested that natural scientists should initiate systematic documentation and experimentation on farmers' own knowledge system. It might on one hand expand the frontier of natural sciences and on the other make value addition in local knowledge possible. Knowledge generating systems in high risk rural areas should not be converted into just knowledge receiving system. Further, transfer of science rather than only technology to people should be emphasized in future so that formal and informal R&D can reinforce each other.

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