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Working Papers | 1987

Organizational Behaviour Research in India: A Review

Khandwalla P N

The paper defines Organizational Behaviour (OB) and indicates its relevance to management. It briefly describes some global trends in OB. Next, it discusses trends in OB research in India vis-a-vis quantity of OB research, the OB product-mix, shift from academic to socially relevant research, diversity in the use of research methods, and the emergence of Indian OB models. The paper next indicates cumulation in the areas of work motivation, conflict and conflict management, and the management of organizational dynamics. Finally, after noting the achievements of OB research in India the paper identifies several gaps and suggests several directions future OB research should take. In particular, it pleads for a sharper social focus, involving studies of the organizational consequences of major Indian realities and greater priority to the study of strategic organizations and individuals. It suggests greater effort at relating macro-OB variables to micro-OB variables, at relating macro-OB variables with one another, and the examination of a number of under-investigated micro-OB variables. It pleads for much greater use of natural experiments based research, and concludes by listing the sorts of help practitioners want from OB academics.

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Working Papers | 1987

Quantity Discount Pricing Model: An Exact Formulation and Analysis

Srinivasan G and V. Venkata Rao

In this paper we formulate and analyze the quantity discount pricing problem without the approximation that was earlier used by Monahan (3) and Lee and Rosenblatt (2). Our exact analysis throws light on some important conceptual implications of the above approximation. The exact formulation also enables us to discuss the discounting problem separately from the view-points of seller, buyer and the total system. Specifically, we show that the optimal policy from the buyer's view-point should be the same as that from the system view-point; and that the optimal policies of the buyer and the seller need not be the same. In addition, we present procedures for computing the optimal policies for the above three cases.

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Working Papers | 1987

Research on Women in Management: A Developmental Perspective

Parikh Indira J and Kumar G Arun

Women and development have acquired significant attention since last two decades. This attention has been two fold. One has been the overall integration of women in development of the economic growth of the nation while the other has been the issued of security in status and allocation of resources for their growth and partnership. The Indian experience suggests an increasing number of educated and professionally trained women enter formal settings of organizations which range from private, government and multi-nationals. Women are of an integral part of banking and financial institutions, communication media, travel and Life Insurance Corporations. This paper reviews five distinct areas of research. 1. Women's entry in management and the resultant home-work interface. 2. Actual managerial role taking and its interface with organizations. 3. Women's role taking anchored in the socio-cultural processes and as such role taking and its interface with culture. 4. Women's role and its interface with development. 5. Studies of individual women who have broken through the barriers and achieved success. This paper proposes that one of the critical and significant area of research on women in management would be to identify women's institutional role and institutional processes which they perceived as their resource in the social setting. Finally this paper also proposes research on values women hold, and the changing profile if young women, which would provide insights into the coming generation of women managers in India.

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Working Papers | 1987

Implications of the Changes in the Holding Period and other Parameters on Systematic Risk and Performance of a Security

Samir K. Barua, T. Madhavan, and Ragunathan V

The Capital Asset Pricing Model is a single period model which specifies a linear relationship between return on an asset and return on the entire market. The model is widely used in literature as if a portfolio of securities can be designed based on a unique value of systematic risk. In this paper it is shown that in reality it is not possible to design a portfolio based on a unique value of systematic risk and performance index of securities, since both these measures are a function of not only the holding period, but also the values of expected market return and the risk-free rate of return likely to prevail for the period under consideration. Further, using computer simulation the paper captures the extent of impact of the holding period, expected market return, risk-free rate of return and the interaction of the holding period and expected market return together, on the single period measure of systematic risk and performance index of a security. The simulation results also show that other parameters such as the variance of market return, variance of the error term and other combinations of interaction terms do not have any significant impact on the single period measure of systematic risk.

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Working Papers | 1987

Job Stress of a Creative Manager

Manimala Mathew

The 'inverted-U' relationship between stress and performance is well-known. It is reasonable to assume a similar relationship between stress and creativity. However, very little is known about the reverse relationship; the stress potential of creativity has rarely been studies. The major hypothesis of this paper is that because of the special characteristics of the creative person and the nature of the creative process, it is likely that there are a few special types of stress experienced by the creative manager, which are moderated by the organizational context. The model that emerges views the job stress of a creative manger as a consequence of the interaction among (1) the traits of the creative person, (2) the nature of creative process and (3) the organizational context. The special traits of the creative personality may make him susceptible to stresses such as pressures of conformity goal/role ambiguity, task difficulties, exposure to hazards, boredom with routines, social boycott, loneliness, interpersonal conflicts and time-pressure. For the owner-manager, the most important of these is loneliness. Stresses implied by the nature of the creative process may be identified as self-doubt, agony of abandoning pet notions and theories, feeling of stuckness, outcome/uncertainty, fear of failure, communication anxiety, evaluation anxiety, difficulties in keeping up group morale and interpersonal problems. The organization context may mitigate or enhance one or the other of these stresses. For example in a non-creative organization/role, the most dominant stresses will be boredom, frustration, self-role distance, role-stagnation, approach avoidance conflicts about the job and the like. In a creative organization, however, the influence of the organizational context is minimal on the stresses resulting from the personality traits, the creative process and/or their interaction. Since the job-stress of a creative manager is viewed as an outcome of the interaction of three variables, the coping strategies adopted would depend on the extent of influence of the personal and organization variables in a particular context, assuming that the creative process remains largely unchanged. Hence, the coping strategies are broadly classified into two, namely, the personal and the organizational, which are also discussed in some detail.

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Working Papers | 1987

Founder-Culture in Organizations - Its Impact on Organizational Growth, Dynamism and Innovativeness

Manimala Mathew

Organizational culture has recently emerged as one of the prominent focuses of organization research. This is partly because of the disillusionment with the research on the more 'objective' phenomena such as structure and technology. Several researchers point out that culture could be the most important factor that 'determines' the other characteristics and performance of an organization. It may be naturally asked how an organization's culture evolves. One of the hypotheses of this paper is that a major influence on the development of organization culture is the founder. A review of existing research shows that the founder's influence is critical and is difficult to change except during a crisis created by changes in the environment. It is also proposed that the type of culture would vary with the type of founder. An external (or organization) oriented founder (as opposed to a self-oriented one) is likely to create a professional, dynamic and sometimes innovative organization. On the other hand, the organization created by the self-oriented founder would remain non-professional, and non-innovative, characterised by limited growth and dynamism except if it changes its culture in response to a change in the environment and a consequent crisis within the organization. The change, which may take place either through 'heretics' in an incremental fashion, or through new leaders in a discontinuous fashion, can turn these organizations around to make them adaptively or innovatively dynamic. The paper discusses these influences and changes through a model of founder's influence on organizational culture along with eight other propositions.

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Working Papers | 1987

Organization Development in Social Development Organizations

Manimala Mathew

Social Development Organizations (SDOs) have an important role to play in the social and economic development of the people particularly in developing countries following capitalist/mixed economy systems. However, many SDOs are organizationally ill-equipped to carry out their important functions in society. This is partly because of their origin as a half-heartedly tolerated appeasement tool with inappropriately borrowed values, structures and systems, and partly because conventional OD values and techniques developed in the context of industrial/commercial organizations have limited success with SDO's which are different from other organizations in their more humanitarian value systems, greater need for client orientation, greater dependence on external, scarce and uncertain resources, greater need to co-operate with other agencies and so forth. While SDOs do have some common characteristics, they cannot be considered a homogeneous lot. They differ among themselves on the basis of their greater or lesser orientation towards rules, structure, expertise, value, need, people, external agencies and the like. Thus, the OD needs of SDOs are different, on the one hand, from those of the industrial/commercial organizations and, on the other hand, among different types of SDOs. OD in SDOs should focus on : (1) value management, (2) perspective management, (3) participation management, (4) dependency management, and (5) withdrawal management. Specific OD needs of government and voluntary SDOs are discussed, and the directions of future change in OD with special reference to SDOs are indicated.

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Working Papers | 1987

Investigation of Decision Criteria for Investment in Risky Assets

Samir K. Barua and Srinivasan G

This paper examines the empirical validity of stochastic dominance rules and the mean-variance framework by analysing data generated through an experiment on individual investment decisions under uncertainty. The analyses indicated that none of the two approaches provided adequate explanation for the observed pattern of choice. An alternate framework, based on preference for skewness, in addition to mean and variance, was examined. This framework provided a significantly better explanation compared to the two parameter framework. The preference for skewness was significant at higher levels of borrowing and at all levels of wealth.

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Working Papers | 1987

Male and Female Managers in United States and India: A Study of Change Agent Styles Personality Factors and Biographical Differences

Ottaway Richard N and Deepti Bhatnagar

This paper reports results of a study conducted to investigate the differences in male and female managers in America and India. Two samples were used, one male and one female, in each country. The samples were matched cross-culturally for comparability in age, education, and level of management in the company. The Indian data were collected from participants attending management development programmes at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. The American data were collected from attendees at MBA programs (evening and weekend further education for practicing managers) in business schools in New Jersey. Three questionnaires were used for data collection. Hall and Williams Change Agent Questionnaire was used to collect data on change style. Personality data was collected on Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The biographical questionnaires collected data on educational level, managerial level, age, salary, area of work, type of industry etc. Analysis of data showed the female managers to be significantly different from the male mangers. These differences were across all the three areas that were inveighed, namely, change agent styles, personality factors, and biographical characteristics. The female mangers used the credibility style of introducing change more often than the male managers. Female managers emerged as more hardworking, achievement-driven, having higher standards, experiencing greater conflict and being more hurting than their male counterparts. Female managers were younger, more educated and less paid than male mangers. A comparison of the American female managers with Indian female managers showed the former to be further behind the salary of male American managers than their Indian counterparts while being comparable in education and job status.

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Working Papers | 1987

The Decision Process of Individuals under Conditions of Risk: An Experimental Study

Samir K. Barua and Srinivasan G

Theoretical models in finance are many a time based on unrealistic assumptions about the behaviour of individuals. Empirical validation of the models is expected to vindicate the assumptions. However, in most situations, the approaches used for empirical validations suffer from serious limitations, either because of the nature of data used or because of the testing procedures used. Hence, the doubts about the underlying assumptions on individual behaviour remain unresolved. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study some common beliefs about behaviour of individuals in risky situations, through a controlled experiment. The results indicate that some oft-believed behavioural traits are indeed true, and the theories based on assumptions which are counter to these beliefs, need to be reconsidered.

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